学术综合英语unit1-unit5课后翻译及答案
    Unit 1
    Outlines are essential to effective speeches.By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches--the detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline.
    In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub--points using a consistent pattern. The speaking outline should consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It should contain key words or phrases to bolster your memory. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline. Keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible.
    发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的想法是关联的，你的思路从
一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的，通常预备演讲你可以接受两种提纲方式：具体预备提纲和简约发言提纲。
    在预备提纲中，应当写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定次要观点和次要观点。发言提纲应当由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给你一些挂念。发言提纲还应包括挂念你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可接受预备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清楚、易于辨认。
    当你发表学术演讲时，首先要做好充分的预备；其次，你演讲的次要观点要明确，层次要清楚。演讲时，语速不要过快，言语要清楚。不要总是在读你预备好的稿子。最终，你应当经常看一下你的听众。这样，一方面你对你的听众表示敬重，另一方面，你可以更顺当地进行你的演讲。
    Before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of al, get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be explicit. Don’t always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you sreaction英语
hould look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly.
    Unit2
    Energy has a dual relationship with human well-being.For most of human history,man has been concerned mainly about the benefit side of the energy －well-being equation thank to the low costs involved in energy use.However,with the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in per capita demand of industrial energy forms,energy entails increasingly higher costs,both external and internalized.On the one
    hand,energy resources are reducing at an accelerating speed and energy supply requires higher input.On the other hand,the external costs seem more worrisome
    because energy use poses serious threats to public health and safety,keeps disrupting the global ecosystem,and may trigger large-scale military conflict.
    能源和人类利益有着双重关系，人力历史进展长河中，由于利用能源成本低廉，人们次要关注能源和人类安康关系中有利的一面，然而，过去一百年来人口以空前速度增长，引起了能源需求的激增，同时，人均工业能源需求亦急剧增长，因而，能源利用所需成本越来越高，无论是外延成本还是内涵成本。一方面，能源资源加速削减，能源供应所需投入越来越高；另一方面，相比之下，外延成本呢愈加令人忧虑，缘由是能源利用严峻威逼大众健康和平安，不断破坏全球生态系统，并可能引发大规模军事冲突。
    以上各种因素到底如何影响能源供应的资金成本难以量化，部分缘由是很多非环境因素实际上同环境因素相互交错在一起。比如，形成工程施工延误的缘由，不但有管理上的限制，而且有工程、管理以及质量监控等方面的问题。然而在美国，过去20年中由于环境影响，石油产品供应的资金成本至少上升了25%，而火电和核电生产的资金成本则上升了40%，甚至更多。
    It is difficult to quantify the total contribution of all these factors to the monetary costs of energy supply, in part because factors not related to the environment are often entwined with environmental ones. For example, construction delays have been caused not just by r
egulatory constraints but also by problems of engineering, management and quality control. Nevertheless, in the US, environmental impacts have increased the monetary costs of supplying petroleum products by at least 25 percent during the past 20 years, and the costs of generating electricity from coal and nuclear power by 40 percent or more.

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