自主招生“汉译英”方法归纳
要将汉语句子翻译成英语，确定句子主干是首要步骤。首先要确定主语和谓语。时态也要同时确定，还要注意虚拟语气和情态动词。最后要把握并列、递进等关系。
1.主语的确定
汉语句子在英译时主语是不太容易确定的，这是因为汉语是主题显著的语言，它突出的是主题而非主语，而且汉语主语在形式上也不明显。这就要求我们要善于识别主语，并在译文中妥善地体现出来。
汉语是"注重主题的语言"( topic-prominent language):只要和评述的东西在语义上有联系，即使没有直接的逻辑关系和语法搭配关系，任何内容、成分、词类都可以处在主语的位置上。而英语是"注重主语的语言"( subject-prominent language):主语在句中占有非常重要的地位。
(1)根据汉语句子的主谓关系，直接将汉语中的主语译成英语中的主语。例如:
①三十多年来我没再见过他。
I have not seen him for over thirty years.
②一个星期前我遇上了一件最不可思议的事情。
I had the most incredible experience a week ago.
③他突然发现地毯上有个深斑点。
He suddenly saw a dark stain on the carpet.
(2)根据英语的主谓表达习惯和搭配，确定英语中的主语。例如:
①昨天他们表演得很成功。
Their performance yesterday was very successful.
②你可能会问，此书从何而起?
What， you may ask， was the origin of this book?
③必须特别强调中国某些高级政府官员贪污腐化的严重性。
Special emphasis must be placed on the gravity of corruption and graft among some high officials in China.
(3)然而主语的确定并非是绝对的，在许多情况下，同样一个汉语句子，由于侧重点的不同，其译文中
主语的选择可能有多种处理方法，具有一定的灵活性。例如:
①这位母亲很为有个聪明漂亮的女儿而骄傲。
The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter.
或The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud.
②只有在显微镜下才能看见红血球。
A microscope is needed to see red cells.
或Red cells can be seen only under the microscope.
③已经有数千人在持续了一年的内战中丧生。
Thousands of people have died in the civil war which broke out a year ago.
或The civil war， which had been going on for a year， has claimed thousands of lives.
或The death toll of the civil war， which broke out a year ago， has amounted to several thousand.
(4)为了防止句子的单调，有时我们可以改换句子的主语。但是随意、无目的地更换主语，反而会干扰读者在阅读中的思路，所以要慎重。例如:
航行中，我们遇到了大风暴，虽然晚到了两天，但平安到达了目的地。到达后，很多朋友在码头迎接我。译文→: The ship reached her port in safety， but two days had elapsed beyond the time when her arrival had been expected as there had been violent storms， and the sea had been very rough， and a crowd of my friends met me at the dock.
分析:译文主语变换过多，不如改译成:
I arrived safely， though two days late， after a rough and stormy voyage， and was now welcomed at the dock by a crowd of friends.
2.谓语的确定
汉语中的谓语同主语相似，具有开放性。几乎各种词类和语言单位都可以充当汉语句子的谓语，但译成英语时，句子的谓语只能转化成系动词或实义动词。
(1)汉语谓语如果是名词、数词、形容词L介词短语等，译成英语的时候一般要在这些词前面加上系动词，如be， look， ·appear， seem， feel， sound， smell， taste等，否则译文句子就不能成立。例如:
①这个姑娘很俏。
This young girl is very pretty.
②从那之后，他疯了。
He became mad after that.
③她没多长时间就富了。
reactionary翻译
She grew rich within a short time.
④这种布手感很软。
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
⑤他的计划终于成功了。
His plan turned out a success.
（2）语句子中有时会连用几个谓时连动式谓语。这类句子在翻译的时候除可用时连接各动词外，通常还可以保留一个动词作谓语，而将其他的动词转化成分词、不定式和介词短语等。
①加and连接
他拿了件外套就去学校了。
He took an overcoat and went to school.
老赵把书接过来摆在膝盖上。
Lao Zhao took the book and laid it on his lap.
她奶奶放下杂志站了起来。
Her granny put down the magazine and stood up.
②动词十不定式(表目的)
他到班长那儿请了个假。
He went to the monitor to ask for a leave.
市政府采取许多措施招商。
The city government took many measures to invite investment.
让我的儿子去打点热水。
Let my son go to fetch some hot water.
③动词十介词短语或分词短语
婴儿面带微笑睡着。
The baby fell asleep with a smile on its face.
大部分教师通常骑自行车上班。
Most teachers often go to work by bike.
他靠着一棵树站着。
He stood leaning against a tree.
应当注意，一个句子信息重心确立得是否得当，直接关系到原文信息的均是否准确。
无论是汉语还是英语，句子里所包含的信息必定有主次之分，只不过汉话句子中的信息主次关系多半
较为隐晦，而英语句子中则多半较为明显。例如:
①他们患得患失，生怕丢掉这些东西。
分析:看似并列，实则内含主次之分，后半句是主要信息，前半句表示原因。
译文:Swayed by consideration of loosened gain，they are most anxious to lose thee p
②附近没有旁人，我得自己干了。
分析:形式上并列，实际上前半句表示原因，后半句才是主要信息。
译文: There being nobody else at hand， I have to do it by myself.
3.时态的确定
英语中的时态比较丰富，包括现在、过去、将来、进行、完成等时态，动词的词形变化比较多。而汉语的时态表达比较简单，有时借助于词汇来表达。如表示过去常用"着"、"了"、"过"、"已"等，表示将来用"会"、"就"、"将"、"要"、"马上"、"以后"等等，含有
这些词汇的句子一般都可以译成英语中对应的时态。但是在多数情况下需要译者依据上下文来判断。
例如:
（1)她曾经下决心好好学数学，可还是一再失败。她越失败就越失望。虽然她知道这门功课有用，但不明白为何每个中学生都要学数学。她常说假如中学不开数学课，那学生可就快乐多了。
译文: Once she made a resolution to study maths well， but she still kept on failing. The more she failed， the more disappointed she became. Though she knows maths is a useful subject， she doesn't know why everyone has to study it in high school. She often says if there were no maths in high school， the students would be much happier.
分析:原文中的动词时态在译文中得到正确的体现。
(2)有人说自信心是成就伟大事业的基础。整个下午我一直在想这个问题，我想这是对的。我发现许多人不能认识到自己的潜力。这实在是件憾事。
译文: Selfconfidence， some said， is the foundation of doing great things. I have been thinking about this the whole afternoon. I guess it's true. I find that so many people fail to realize their potential. This is such a pity.
(3)推翻帝国主义、封建主义、官镣资本主义的反动统治，使中国人民的生产力获得解放。
原译文: The overthrow of the reactionary rule of imperialism， feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism has shelled release the productive forces of the Chinese people.

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