名词解释
Glossary
第一章 蛋白质的结构与功能
Chapter 1  Structure and Function of Protein
peptide bond（肽键）：a covalent bond linking the αreaction between pvp and amino- amino group of one amino acid and theα-carboxyl group of another in a protein molecule.
peptide（肽）：a molecule containing two or more amino acids linked by peptide bond.
primary structure of protein（蛋白质的一级结构）：the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
secondary structure of protein（蛋白质的二级结构）：the spatial arrangement of local portions of a polypeptide chain.
tertiary structure of protein（蛋白质的三级结构）：the spatial arrangement of all the atoms of a protein or a subunit.
quaternary structure of protein（蛋白质的四级结构）：the spatial arrangement of a protein that consists of more than one folded polypeptide chain or subunit.
subunit（亚基）：an individual polypeptide chain that associates with one or more separate chains to form a complete protein.
motif（模序）：a substructure formed with two or more secondary-structure peptide segments that are drawn close to each other.
domain（结构域）：a region within a protein, particularly within a large polypeptide, that functions in a semi-independent manner.
positive cooperativity（正协同效应）：an effect that the binding of one ligand to a protein facilitates the subsequent ligand binding.
allosteric effect（变构效应）：an effect that a small molecule, called an effector, noncovalently binds to a protein and alters its activity.
isoelectric point（pI）of protein （蛋白质的等电点）：the pH at which a protein has an equal number of positive and negative charges and hence bears no net charge.
denaturation of protein（蛋白质变性）： the disruption of the natively folded structure of a protein caused by exposure to heat, radiation, or chemicals, or change in pH, that leads to an alteration of chemical, physical and biological properties of the protein.
第二章 核酸的结构与功能
Chapter 2  Structure and Function of Nucleic Acid
denaturation of DNA（DNA的变性）：the disruption of the native conformation of DNA by separation of the DNA double helix into its two component strands, due to heat, chemicals, or change in pH, etc.
hyperchromic effect（增效应）：the increase in ultraviolet absorbance of a DNA while the DNA is denatured.
melting temperature（Tm, 融解温度）：the temperature corresponding to half the maximal increase in ultraviolet absorbance of a thermally denatured DNA.
annealing（退火）：the process of returning a thermally denatured DNA to its original native structure when it is cooled gradually.
第三章 酶
Chapter 3  Enzymes
simple enzyme（单纯酶）：an enzyme that consists of only polypeptide chain(s).
conjugated enzyme（结合酶）：an enzyme with its polypeptide portion(apoenzyme) linked to one or more substance other than amino acids, such as metals or small organic molecules.
holoenzyme（全酶）：a complete enzyme consisting of the apoenzyme portion plus the cofactor component.
essential group（必需基团）： a chemical group on the side chain of amino acid residue of an enzyme that is closely related to the activity of the enzyme.
active center / active site（活性中心）：the region of an enzyme molecule that contains the substrate binding site and the catalytic site for converting the substrate(s) into product(s).
activation energy（活化能）：the threshold energy that must be overcome to produce a chemical reaction.
absolute specificity（绝对特异性）：the extreme selectivity of an enzyme that allows it to catalyze only the reaction with a single substrate in the case of a monomolecular reaction, or the reaction with a single pair of substrates in the case of a bimolecular reaction.
relative specificity（相对特异性）：the relative selectivity of an enzyme that allows it to c
atalyze the reaction with one type of reactants or one type of chemical bond.
stereospecificity（立体异构特异性）：the selectivity of an enzyme for a particular stereoisomer.
zymogen（酶原）：the inactive precursor of an enzyme.
zymogen activation（酶原激活）：the process in which a zymogen is converted to an active enzyme by limited proteolysis and subsequently the active center of the enzyme is formed or exposed.
isoenzyme（同工酶）：multiple forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction but differ from one another in one or more of the properties, such as structural, physical, chemical and even immunological properties.
第四章 糖代谢
Chapter 4  Carbohydrate Metabolism
glycolysis（糖酵解）： the anaerobic degradation of carbohydrate whereby a molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of lactic acid.
substrate-level phosphorylation（底物水平磷酸化）：the synthesis of ATP from ADP by the phosphorylation of ADP coupled with exergonic breakdown of a high-energy organic substrate molecules.

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