留学美国签证研究计划模板大全（1）
Descriptions of the research plan
Title: Synthesis, Formation Mechanism, and Properties of Different Metal/Metal Nanostructures Keywords: Multi-Shell Nanostructures, Ionic Liquids, Electrochemistry, Multi-Functionality,
Porous Metal Materials, Low-Dimensionality, Green Chemistry Objectives: This program is to develop a novel method for fabricating heterogeneous or alloyed different metal/metal low-dimensional nanostructures, for example, multi-shell or porous Ag-Au nanowires, nanorods, and nanocubes using an ionic liquid as both the solvent and shape-inducing template. Synthesis of ionic liquids (ILs) with different alkyl chains and functional groups, as well as the formation of different metal/metal nanostructures with new properties are involved in this research plan. Alloyed or heterogeneous multi-shell nanostructures are generated by utilizing electrochemical (electroless) deposition or a simple galvanic replacement reaction in ILs. By controlling the size, shape, composition, crystal structure and surface properties of these structures, it enables us not only to uncover their intrinsic properties, but exploit their formation mechanism in ILs media, as well as their applications in catalysis, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), sensors, porous electrodes, etc. This green chemistry process also may be extended to synthes
ize other organic and inorganic nanostructures with novel properties, morphology and complex form. State-of-the-art
Metal nanostructures have numerous applications as nanoscale building blocks, templates, and components in chemical and biological sensors, as well as electronic/optical devices, due to their interesting optical, catalytic and electrical properties that depend strongly on both size and shape. Over the past decade, impressive progress has been made towards the fairly good shape and size control of metal nanostructures [1][2]. For noble metals, more emphasis is placed on tuning the novel shape-dependent properties of these nanostructures in contrast to the size-dependency. A variety of metallic building blocks with unique properties have been synthesized including cubes [3][4], prisms [5], disks [6], and hollow nanostructures [7]. Currently the interests migrate to the synthesis and application of more complex structures with different metals, such as multi-shell and heterogeneous nanostructures having new properties[8][9], coupling a conception for optimizing preparative strategies in an environmentally benign system[10]. Therefore, besides creating novel nanostructures with unique properties, a problem arising from the utilization of volatile or poisonous organic solvents and additives is of much concern in view of cleaner technology throughout both industry and academia.
Most of the current shape selective synthesis of metal nanostructures that their optical properties are
markedly affected by their shape and aspect ratio are centered either on a solid substrate by physical methods or in aqueous or organic media through chemical procedures [2]. For instance, complex and highly regular crystalline silver inukshuk architectures can be produced directly on a germanium surface through a simple galvanic displacement reaction that only three ingredients were required: silver nitrate, water, and germanium [11]. Despite these advancements, however, limited reports have been reported on how the particle morphology and dimensionality could be
regulated by the utilization of ILs[12].
Recently, environmentally benign room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have received increasing attention worldwide due to their favorable properties including excellent thermal and chemical stability, good solubility characteristics, high ionic conductivity, negligible vapor pressure, nonflammability, relatively low viscosity, and a wide electrochemical window. This class of fluid materials contains complicated molecular interactions such as ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, л-л interactions, and amphiphilic polarization, rendering various molecular structures from merely local orderness up to macroscopic thermo tropic or lyotropic liquid crystalline phases [13]. These advantages make them actively being employed as green solvents for organic chemical reactions, extraction and separation technologies, catalysis, solar cells, and electrochemical applications[14][15].
In contrast to tremendous growth in R&D on application of ionic liquids to chemical processing, the use of RTILs in inorganic synthesis is still in its infancy. There have been only a few reports on the shape-and-dimension controlled formation, by using RTILs, of hollow TiO2 microspheres [16] and nanowires of palladium [17], gold nanosheets [12], tellurium nanowires [18], flower-like ZnO nanostructures [19], and CuCl nanoplatelets [20]. So far, alloyed metal structures, either spherical nanoparticles or nanocomposite films, have been generated in RTILs using electrochemical deposition of nanocrystalline metals such as Al-Fe, and Al-Mn alloys on different substrates [21]. However, formation of multi-shell or hollow nanostructures by controlling both the shape and dimension in RTILs has not yet appeared in literature, especially using an electrochemical approach. It is therefore proposed in this program that a new route to optically or catalytically tune the properties of complex metal/metal nanostructures through the control of shape anisotropy and surface morphology is established in RTILs using a green chemistry approach. The reasons we choose RTILs as reaction media are not only in the view of environment protection, but in the consideration of their diversiform molecular structures, which could be used as shape-inducing templates for the synthesis of new nanostructures. It is very unlikely that ILs will entirely replace organic solvents or aqueous systems or gas phase processes for the fabrication of inorganic matter. Nevertheless, ionic liquids with different functional groups may provide a means to fabricate nanostructures that are not otherwise available. The applican
t has accumulated good backgrounds in shape-controlled synthesis and characterization of metal and semiconductor low-dimensional nanostructures with unique optical properties. A series of approaches have been used to fabricate Ag-SiO2, and Ag-TiO2 core-shell nanostructures and Ag-SiO2-TiO2 nanocomposite films. During the Ph.D program, novel soft sol and polymer-assisted methods have been developed to form metal and semiconductor nanorods and wires, such as silver and gold nanowires, CdS and ZnS nanowires and rods, as well as anisotropic metal nanocrystals, for example, silver nanoprisms, gold nanocubes, nanodisks, and so on [22][23]. At the same time, tuning the optical properties through the interaction of nanostructures with femtosecond laser pulses to control the size, shape or dimension in nanometer regime has also been investigated [24]. As for the institution to which the applicant is applying and the group of Professor XXXXXXX, equipments including TEM, SEM, UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectrometer and other emission spectrometer (static, time-resolved and tempe rature dependent), as well as the group’s excellent research experience in semiconductor and metal nanomaterials [25][26] provide a sound foundation for the implementation of this
research plan, probably resulting in not only a better understanding of the utilization of RTILs in nanochemistry and electrochemistry, but creating new nanostructures, such as microporous Ag/Au multi-shell nanowires with promising applications in SERS, catalysis, etc.
A multidisciplinary approach and the planned activities
A multidisciplinary approach is designed in this proposal through integrating organic synthesis, electrochemistry, materials science and optoelectronics, aiming to fabricate different metal/metal multi-shell heterogeneous nanostructures including nanocubes, nanorings, nanoplates, nanowires and nanotubes. This research plan covers three aspects: The first one is to create novel structures through the reduction of different metal precursors in RTILs using reducing agents or electrosynthetic processes. The second is to produce porous low dimensional metal nanostructures by etching with specific solutions (e.g. concentrated ammonia or hydrochloric acid) or using galvanic displacement reaction and electrochemical anodization. The third is to investigate the formation mechanism and properties of these nanomaterials.reaction plan
1. Synthesis of metal nanostructures with tailored morphology
2. Formation of porous low dimensional nanostructures.
3. Properties of different metal/metal nanostructures.
4. A possible extension of this research plan
Another important direction is to fabricate magnetic/semiconducting core-shell nanocrystals, such as Fe3O4/CdSe, or dye molecule complexed rare earth metals to form Gd(BPy)/CdSe using RTILs as reaction media. These nanocrystals containing both fluorescence and magnetic resonance embedded in silica nanoparticles can be used as probes for the study of biological materials, especially in bio-imaging. The magnetic/semiconducting core-shell complex nanocrystals offer distinct advantages over conventional dye-molecules, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and simplex semiconductor nanocrystals not only in that they emit multiple colors of light and can be used to label and measure several biological markers simultaneously, but in the capability to target molecules with a good spatial resolution.
Time schedule for the plan
May 1, 2006-July 1, 2006
Two months German learning in a Goethe Institute
July 1, 2006-Oct. 31, 2006
1. Discussion on the detailed research plan and the preparation of materials
2. Synthesis and characterization of low-dimensional nanostructures in RTILs
3. Publishing 1 papers
4. Attending one international convention on nanostructures and applications
Nov. 1, 2007-Mar. 31, 2007
1. Further improvement of the optical and catalytic properties of nanostructures by controlling their composition, size, shape and morphology
2. Formation of multi-shell and porous metal/metal nanomaterials and surface modification
3. Applications of as prepared nanostructures in SERS and porous electrodes, ect.
4. Publishing about 2-3 papers
Apr. 1, 2007-May 1, 2007
1. Summarization of experimental results and rethinking of the RTILs in synthesis of nanomaterials
2. Discussion on the possible extension of this research plan
留学美国签证研究计划模板大全（2）
Advisor’s information
Name:******
Organization: Northwestern University
Academic position: ****** Professor
E-mail: ******@northwestern.edu
TEL: ******
Address: ******, Chicago, IL 60611
Research plan
Background: A number of key transcription factors, including the Androgen Receptor, the Polycomb group protein EZH2, and the TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusions, have been related to epigenetic changes and implicated in prostate cancer. As transcriptional regulation, for instance those by EZH2, eventually
leads to inheritable epigenetic changes and thus altered chromatin status. Epigenetic mechanisms may be fundamental to tumorigenesis. Based on lab’s previous work, we hypothesized that in aggressive tumors altered transcriptional controls and chromatin states lead to de-differentiation and a stem cell like cellular status. In our study we will reveal the link between transcriptional control and epigenetic changes including histone methylation, DNA methylation and the regulation of miRNAs.
Therefore the proposed work seeks to find the mechanisms between epigenetic regulation and
prostate cancer. We plan to do the following projects:
Project 1: Cell Culture and In V itro Overexpression, Inhibition and Function Assays.
From November 2010 to February 2011, I will conduct experiments on: cell lines culture, expression vector construct, RNA analysis by RT-PCR.
Project 2: Protein Interaction Assay, ChIP-Seq Assays and Bioinformatics Analysis.
From March 2011 to August 2011, I will perform the Assays on: Protein interaction between target genes, Chromatin immunoprecipitation using the histone methylation antibody and sequence the DNA fragments, Search the binding site sequence by Bioinformatics analysis.
Project 3: Paper Writing and Publication
From September 2011 to October 2011, I will write my research paper and submit it to a high influence factor journal.
Return plan
Epigenetic regulation, as one of the most fascinating research fields, has appeared in US & Europe since 2000’s. Now this discipline has emerged as a new research fr ontier and received more and more attention in the world. However, in China, epigenetics has only received little attention compared to overseas. In many universities and institutes, few people concentrate on epigenetic regulation. So plenty of researchers will be needed to work on this discipline in the near future. With good expertise in epigenetic research including histone methylation and DNA methylation acquired in National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement in past seven years and a deeper insight into epigenetic regulation that will be acquired in Northwestern University, I am full of confidence that after the completion of my post-doctoral research program, I will be able to find a suitable academic position in some university or institute in littoral of China or my home province. With good training in U.S and profound knowledge in epigenetics, I am confident of myself that I will be more competitive and have a
much better chance in China. In addition, I will share my research experience abroad with future colleagues in China.
留学美国签证研究计划模板大全（3）
Descriptions of the research plan
Title: Synthesis of Metal-Organic Compound (Grubbs and Schrock-type) Using for Polymerization
Keywords: polymer, asymmetric catalyst, mechanism, polymerization
1. Background and introduction of the research project:
Conjugated polymers play an important role in various electronic applications. Apart from their conductivity, their photo- and electroluminescence properties are attracting great interest. Owing to their luminescence properties, they are also used in several electronic applications, such as organic lightemitting diodes (OLEDs), solar cells, photovoltaic devices, lasers, all-plastic full-color image sensors, and field effect transistors. In principle, ternary systems, well-defined Mo-based Schrock-type catalysts and fluorocarboxylate-modified Grubbs-type metathesis catalysts may be used for cyclopolymerization. Together with palladium-catalyzed reactions such as the Heck, Suzuki and Sonoh
ashira-Hagihara reactions, metathesis reactions, particularly those that can be accomplished in an asymmetric way, belong nowadays to the most important C-C coupling reactions. Due to the achievements made with catalysts necessary to accomplish these

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