武鑫鑫等S100A12蛋白在自身免疫性疾病中的研究进展第22期•2797•doi:10.3969/j.issn.l000484X.2020.22.022
S100A12蛋白在自身免疫性疾病中的研究进展①
武鑫鑫陶李杨媛媛周敬彩李光迪(兰州大学第二医院检验中心,兰州730000)
中图分类号R446.62文献标志码A文章编号1000-484X(2020)22-27974)5
[摘要]S100A12蛋白属于钙结合蛋白S100家族,在人体内通常以同源二聚体形式存在,广泛参与细胞内外的生物学过程。S100A12蛋白主要由粒细胞分泌,作为炎症蛋白在多种自身免疫性疾病中异常表达。近年研究发现S100A12蛋白在自身免疫性疾病的疾病活动度监测、药物疗效评估等方面具有潜力。本文就S100A12蛋白的结构、功能及其在常见自身免疫性疾病中的研究进展进行综述。
[关键词]S100A12蛋白;自身免疫性疾病;疾病活动度;药物疗效
Research progress of S100A12protein in autoimmune disease
WU Xin-Xin,TAO Li,YANG Yuan-Yuan,ZHOU Jing-Cai,LI Guang-Di.Department of Clinical Laboratory,Second Hospital of Lanzhou University,Lanzhou730000,China
[Abstract]S100A12protein belongs to S100family of calcium-binding proteins,which are usually present in human body in form of homodimers and widely involved in biological process inside and outside cells.S100A12protein is mainly secreted by granulocytes,which as an inflammatory protein abnormally expressed in various autoimmune diseases.In recent years,studies found that S100A12protein has great potential in monitoring of disease activity and evaluation of drug efficacy in autoimmune diseases.This article reviews structure and function of S100A12protein and its research progress in common autoimmune diseases.
[Key words]S100A12protein;Autoimmune disease;Disease activity;Drug efficacy
自身免疫性疾病(autoimmune disease,AID)是指机体丧失对自身抗原的免疫耐受,而对人体正常组织发生异常免疫反应,最终导致自身抗体过度产生的一类慢性系统性疾病,迄今为止大多数AID的发病机制尚未明确[l]o S100A12蛋白是一种低分子量的钙结合蛋白,在炎症过程中过表达,有一定的促炎作用。近年来S100A12蛋白在AID中的研究越来越多,在多种AID的血清及组织中表达异常,如类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)、幼年特发性关节炎(juvenile idiopathic arthritis,JIA)、银屑病性关节炎(psoriatic arthritis,PsA)、系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)等。本文就S100A12蛋白的结构、功能及其在常见AID中的研究进展进行综述。
①本文受兰州市科技计划项目(2014-1-35)资助。
作者简介:武鑫鑫,女,在读硕士,主要从事自身免疫性疾病方面的研究,E-mail:wuxxl7@lzu.edu。
通讯作者及指导教师:李光迪,男,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事临
床免疫学检验及自身免疫性疾病实验室早期
诊断方面的研究,E-mail:139****1655@
163 。1S100A12蛋白的结构及功能
S100蛋白家族于1965年首次在牛脑中被发现,因其可100%溶于饱和硫酸铵而被命名为S100蛋白[2]O现已证实人类S100蛋白家族共有24个成员,虽然各成员结构高度相似,但功能却各不相同。S100A12蛋白是S100蛋白家族成员之一,也被称为钙粒蛋白C,其基因位于染体1q21区域,一级结构由91个氨基酸组成,分子质量为10.4kD,主要由粒细胞产生。S100A12蛋白与S100蛋白家族的其他成员一样是EF手形钙结合蛋白,含有带电荷氨基酸残基形成的螺旋-环-螺旋疏水结构域,当该结构域被Ca2+激活时,暴露的疏水结构可与靶蛋白结合发挥复杂的生物学功能[3]o在细胞内, S100A12蛋白的功能类似于Ca2+传感器,可以将Ca2+浓度的变化转变为细胞内的生化反应,从而调控细胞内其靶蛋白的生物活性[4,5]。但S100A12蛋白因其独特的结构,无法通过经典的内质网-高尔基体途径分泌到细胞外,而必须依赖细胞骨架的非经典途径[6]o细胞外的S100A12蛋白可作为损伤相关分子模式(damage-related molecular patterns, DAMP)分子,与多种受体结合激活炎症反应。在细
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胞外,S100A12蛋白通常与细胞表面晚期糖基化终产物 (receptor of advanced glycation endproducts,RAGE)受体和内源性Toll样受体4(Toll hike receptor4,TLR4)结合激活淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞及单核细胞中的细胞内调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI-3K)/AKT信号通路,诱导IL-18、IL-6、IL-10及TNF-琢等细胞因子产生,促进炎症进展[6-8]。
2S100A12蛋白与AID
2.1S100A12蛋白与RA RA是一种常见的以滑膜炎为主的慢性炎症性AID,滑膜内血管翳的生成及关节软骨的破坏可引起不可逆的关节损伤,具体发病机制尚未明确[9]o研究发现,RA患者的血清和滑膜液中S100A12蛋白的含量明显高于骨关节炎患者和健康对照组[10]。进一步研究证实S100A12蛋白在RA患者粒细胞浸润的滑膜亚层组织中高表达,在滑膜组织的巨噬细胞中仅有少量表达,而在滑膜内层组织几乎不表达[ll]o在小鼠胶原诱导关节炎模型的研究中发现S100A12蛋白有诱导滑膜炎症的能力[l2]o因此,课题组推测S100A12蛋白作为一种炎症蛋白可能参与RA的发生发展。
C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)和红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)是目前临床监测RA病情进展的传统指标,但二者的灵敏度和特异性都不够理想,急需寻能更好地反映患者疾病进展的新标志物。研究证明,在RA患者中S100A12蛋白与CRP和ESR均显著相关,但与CRP 的相关性更强。
RA患者血清中S100A12蛋白与抗瓜氨酸化肽抗体、类风湿因子及抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体之间也显著相关[13-18]。多项研究表明,S100A12蛋白与RA患者DAS28疾病活动度评分相关,以DAS28为因变量进行多元线性回归分析,证明S100A12蛋白与DAS28的相关性优于CRP和ESR,能够较好地反映RA患者的疾病活动程度[11”18]。提示S100A12蛋白是监测RA病情发展的潜在标志物。
超声检测RA患者滑膜病变程度较临床常用实验室指标更为灵敏,多普勒超声能够较为灵敏地反映滑膜血管化程度。临床实验发现S100A12蛋白与RA患者关节滑膜的超声评分相关(根据滑膜炎的灰度级和血管化程度进行半定量评分),且该蛋白与滑膜超声评分的相关性要高于传统的炎症参数CRP和ESR[15,19]。超声可直接反映骨关节的侵蚀情况,有研究指出RA患者血清中S100A12蛋白含量与骨关节的侵蚀程度有关[16]。说明通过检测RA 患者血清中S100A12蛋白含量可能间接反映RA患者关节损伤程度。
临床RA的常用药物有非甾脂类消炎药、常规的抗风湿类药物以及生物制剂类药物,部分患者在过程中会出现对某种药物无应答的情况,目前临床上尚没有准确反映及预测药物疗效的指标。Meugnier等[17]通过分析RA患者外周血单个核细胞的基因表达谱,发现当RA患者采用肿瘤坏死因子抑制剂后S100A12蛋白的表达量降低,提示S100A12蛋白与肿瘤坏死因子抑制剂类药物的疗效有关。为验证该结论,Nordal等[18,19]采用英夫利昔单抗和阿达木单抗RA患者并随访1年后发现,后的RA患者血清中S100A12蛋白含量显著下降。临床研究进一步发现,S100A12蛋白含量较低的RA患者对肿
瘤坏死因子抑制剂类药物的反应更好[20]。上述结果显示S100A12蛋白在预测RA患者药物疗效方面具有潜力,有望成为RA 潜在的靶点。但由于研究的样本量较小, S100A12蛋白在预测药物疗效方面的具体作用仍需扩大样本量进一步探索。
2.2S100A12蛋白与JIA JIA是一种儿童时期常见的结缔组织疾病,以关节损伤为主要特征,并常伴有全身多系统损伤,致残率较高,常见的亚型有全身型、多关节型及少关节型。JIA病因不明,可能与感染、免疫及遗传因素有关。研究发现JIA患者血清中S100A12蛋白水平明显咼于健康志愿者,当该蛋白的截断值为10.73ng/ml时,对JIA的诊断有100%特异性[21]。该蛋白的含量与JIA的疾病活动程度也相关,同时还能反映JIA患者中性粒细胞的活化程度;该蛋白在监测JIA疾病进展方面要优于CRP、ESR、白细胞计数等传统炎症指标[21-23]。因此认为S100A12蛋白具有成为监测JIA患者病情进展标志物的潜力。
与JIA容易混淆的常见疾病有Blau综合征和家族性地中海热(family mediterranean fever,FMF),临床表现相似,都有高热、皮疹、关节疼痛、高浓度CRP及白细胞增多等表现,使得其与JIA的鉴别诊断存在一定困难。虽然有研究指出S100A12蛋白水平在JIA各亚型间无明显差异,但该蛋白能够鉴别诊断JIA与疑似JIA患者[21]。临床研究发现, S100A12蛋白与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)联合检测可将JIA与Blau综合征和FMF区分开,在疾病活跃期,相比于Blau综合征患者和FMF患者,JIA患者的S100A12蛋白和VEGF水平更高;在非活动期,
武鑫鑫等S100A12蛋白在自身免疫性疾病中的研究进展第22期•2799•
只有FMF患者S100A12蛋白水平较高,仅限于未经或秋水仙碱耐药的病例[24]。因此认为S100A12蛋白对JIA的鉴别诊断发挥重要作用。由于以上结果是小样本研究,有一定局限性,需要纳入大样本的病例来进一步研究,但这一结果对寻JIA鉴别诊断标志物具有很大启发。
葡萄膜炎是JIA常见的关节外改变,表现隐匿可无任何症状,严重时可引起视力丧失甚至失明。JIA并发葡萄膜炎的高危因素有年龄、ANA阳性等。前瞻性研究发现,954例JIA患者在随访过程中有133例发生了葡萄膜炎,且患者基线时的S100A12蛋白水平高于250ng/ml,与发生葡萄膜炎的风险显著相关[25]o因此推测S100A12蛋白可与ESR、ANA、年龄等指标联合预测JIA患者并发葡萄膜炎风险。
JIA患者临床常用药物与RA患者类似,如甲氨蝶吟(MTX)及阿达木单抗等,目前临床上尚无精确指标评估药物疗效。研究发现,采用肿瘤坏死因子抑制物及MTX后,JIA患者血清中S100A12蛋白含量相比于前显著降低,进一步研究发现,具有较高S100A12蛋白含量的JIA患者使用肿瘤坏死因子抑制物、MTX更加有效[26,27]。JIA患者经病情缓解后,再次复发风险较高,Gerss等[28]将处于疾病缓解期的188例JIA患者纳入研究,在随访1年的过程中有35例患者病情复发,且疾病复发患者的S100A12蛋白水平高于稳定缓解期的患者,提示S100A12蛋白可成为评估JIA药物疗效和复发风险的潜在标志物。
2.3S100A12蛋白与PsA PsA也称为关节病型银屑病,是一种与银屑病相关的关节病变,临床表现为关节及周围软组织肿胀、僵硬、疼痛及运动障碍,晚期易导致患者残疾。有研究者用微阵列杂交技术分析PsA患者外周血细胞基因表达,发现炎症基因中S100A12蛋白的基因表达上调[29]o Foell等[ll]研究表明,PsA患者血清中S100A12蛋白表达升高,主要集中表达于滑膜组织血管周围,MTX成功的PsA患者滑膜组织中S100A12蛋白表达呈阴性。Madland等[30]研究发现,S100A12蛋白水平与PsA 患者手关节等外周影像学特征相关,单因素变量分析发现该蛋白与PsA患者手关节等外周影像学的相关性优于传统的CRP、ESR指标。研究发现S100A12蛋白水平与PsA患者的疾病活动程度无显著相关性,该结果与Brun等[3l]和Kane等[32]的研究结果一致,但与Foell等[ll]的研究结果不一致,原因可能为与Madland等[30]纳入的患者均为低疾病活动度患者。
2.4S100A12蛋白与川崎病(Kawasaki disease, KD)KD是一种自身免疫性血管炎症综合征,好发于5岁以下幼儿,主要症状为冠状动脉病变,严重者可发生心肌梗死。分析KD患者外周血单个核细胞的cDNA发现,S100A12蛋白的基因表达显著上调。Foell等[34]及Ye等[35]用流式细胞仪追溯KD患者血液S100A12蛋白来源,发现该蛋白大部分由激活的中性粒细胞分泌,并发现S100A12蛋白在KD患者的急性炎症期表达明显升高,患者静脉注射免疫球蛋白后S100A12蛋白含量明显下降,提示S100A12蛋白可评估KD患者对免疫球蛋白的药物疗效。S100A12蛋白在KD患者血清中高表达,说明该蛋白可能与KD的发病机制有关,研究发现S100A12蛋白虽然不能直接激活冠状动脉内皮细胞,但能和IL-1茁协同作
用激活内皮细胞,进而促进冠状动脉病变[36]。以上结果表明S100A12蛋白可能在KD的发生发展中扮演重要角,为KD提供新的思路。
2.5S100A12蛋白与SLE SLE是一种累及多器官、多系统,严重危害人类健康的AIDo其发病机制尚未明确,可能与细胞凋亡异常、免疫耐受缺失、细胞过度活化、产生大量抗体有关[37]o研究表明SLE 患者血清S100A12蛋白水平明显高于健康对照组,当SLE患者处于疾病活动期和出现关节炎症状时, S100A12蛋白水平也明显升高[38,39]。Turnier等[40]在一项儿童SLE的纵向队列研究中发现,狼疮肾炎儿童尿液中S100A12蛋白含量明显高于健康对照组,狼疮肾炎患者病情缓解后,尿液中S100A12蛋白含量也随之下降。因此认为S100A12蛋白不仅存在于血液、滑液中,在患者伴发肾脏疾病时S100A12蛋白还可随尿液排出体外。
除上述疾病外,在其他AID中也发现S100A12蛋白表达异常,如原发性干燥综合征、多发性硬化症、白塞病等。
3总结与展望
综上所述,S100A12蛋白作为一种炎症蛋白,可能参与多种AID的发生发展,在监测AID疾病活动度、反映及评估药物疗效等方面具有潜力,对JIA的鉴别诊断和提示并发症风险等方面也具有价值。但迄今为止对于S100A12蛋白在AID中作用的研究大部分仅通过观察性实验得出结论,需要更加深入地探讨该蛋白
在AID发病机制中的具体作用机制,为AID提供新思路。
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