化学专业英语复习题
1.构成原子最重要的的粒子是质子,中子和电子,原子的质量是由核中质子和中子数近似确定的:
The most important constitute atomic particles are protons, neutrons and electrons. The total mass of an atom is determined. Very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
2、在元素周期表中,元素的性质是随着原子数周期性变化的,每个周期以活泼的金属元素开始,活泼的非金属结束。从左到右,非金属性逐渐增强,金属性逐渐减弱。
In the periodic table ,the nature of elements changed cyclically with atomic number ,each period begins with a very reactive metal right ,elements show decreasing metallic character and increasing metallic character .
3.当需要在一个官能团化合物的某一个活性选择性的进行反应时,其他活性基团暂时性的被保护起来。很多保护基已经或正在发展用于这个目的。
When a chemical reaction is to be carried out selectively at one reactive site in a multifunctional compound, other reactive sites must be temporarily blocked, many protective groups have been, and are being developed for this purpose.
4、常温下,烷烃和浓硫酸,沸硝酸等不发生化学反应。但在光的引发下易发生氯化反应。该反应是一
个自由基键反应,包括链引发,链增长,链终止三个步骤。
Alkanet is not attached by concentrated sulfuric acid boiling nitric acid at room temperature .but in light initiating askance happens chlorination easily .it’s a free radical chain reaction ,including the chain initiating step ,chain growth step ,chain termination step .
5、例如:盐酸归为酸,由于已经熟悉作为不同类别的酸的性质,我们就可以知道这一化合物的一般性质。
For example:Hcl is classed as an acid , and by becoming familiar with the behavior of acids as a distinct class, we are at once aware of general properties of the compound.reactive carbonyl species
6、硫酸被碱中和可以形成酸式盐和正盐,若酸中的H被两种不同的金属原子取代则形成复盐。
If H2SO4 is neutralized by an base, acid salts and normal salts may be formed .if the hydrogen atoms in an acid are replaced by two or more different metals, a mixed salt results.
7:酸和碱生成盐和水的反应叫做中和反应,若酸和碱部分被中和测形成酸式盐或碱式盐。
The reaction of an acid with abases to produce a salt and water is called neutralization. If an acid or a base is neutralized partly, an acid salt on a basic salt will be formed.
8:研究以乙醚为溶剂,格式法合成苯甲酸的工艺考察了反应时间,反应温度,物料对比反应得出了最佳工艺条件。We study the technology of preparing the benzoic acid by the Grignard reagent
which generally use anhydrous as the solvent test the effect of the reaction time .temperature nature obtain the excellent technology . 9:研究一贴为催化剂,在500摄氏度,NH3分解为N2和H2的工艺。考察了反应时间,压力催化剂对反应的影响,并对反应机理做了初步探讨。
We study the technology that pure ammonia decomposes into nitrogen and hoofer at 500gin the presence of iron salt the catalyst .test the effect of the reaction time .pressure and catalyst and explore preliminarily the reaction mechanisms.
10、有机合成就是通过一个或多个反应???的转化为另外一种物质。也就是一种官能团转化为另一种官能团,由于存在条件合成路线,因此要综合考虑收率,限制条件费用等因素。
Organic synthesis is the preparation of an organic compound from readily available starting materials by the use of one or more reactions.
In other words, it’s a number of reactions that can transform one functional group into another.
Because there’s more than one synthetic route, we evaluate each synthesis in terms of yield .limitation
s, expense, and so on.
11、格式试剂只有在完全无水和无氧,空气存在时,才能成功的制备,因此进行格式试剂反应时,一定要保证仪器和试剂的无水。Grignard reagents can be prepared successfully only in a completely
anhydrous medium and in an atmosphere that is free of oxygen .therefore ,in carrying out a Grignard reaction .one must take care to dry the apparatus and all of the reagents.
12、当系统状态有一个状态转为另一个状态,其内能的变化可以由△E=Q+W得出,其中寝室系统吸收的热,W是环境对系统的功。When a system changes from one state to another ,the change in internal energy is given by △E=Q+W where is a is the heat absorbed by the system and W is the work done on the system .
13实际上没有必要知道每一个E1,和E2的值。始态和终态之间的能量差才是最重要的,并且通常很方便就能测定。
It’s seldom necessary to know the individual values of energies E1 and E2.the difference in energy between two states is of prime importance and is usually conveniently determined.
14.根据能量守恒定律,能的形式可以相互转化,淡既不能凭空创造,也不能凭空消失。
Based on the first law of thermodynamics, however energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
15、根据热力学第二定律,当△G=0时,体系处于平衡状态。Based on the second law of thermodynamics ,if △G is zero ,the system is in a state of equilibrium .
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