工程硕士研究生英语辅导讲义
英译汉部分
✧ 英译汉部分的特点：
1. 句子较长，其中包括定语从句、状语从句等从属结构，致使句子结构复杂，意思不容易把握。例如：
You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skills of their own, they build up their own theories.
2. 句子虽然不长，但其中包含着较难理解的词、词组或短语，尤其是一些表示抽象意义的词，另外，句子中往往含有比较复杂的语法现象。例如：
There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.
3. 考查的翻译技巧主要包括: (1)定语从句的译法; (2) 被动语态的处理; (3) 长句的处理等等。
✧ 考生遇到的主要障碍:
一、缺乏基本的翻译常识
二、对于英译汉翻译技巧知之甚少
三、不能根据上下文正确地理解与翻译
  differ in这一短语, 很多人就把它与differ from相混淆, 结果白白地丢掉了分数。Result in 和result from
四、对划线的部分理解不透
    为了增加试题的难度, 试题设计者往往选择那些语法结构错综复杂的部分, 这就要求我们在复习时, 对于翻译练习的句子, 要仔细分析它们的语言结构, 尤其是要注意那些具有分割定语从句等复杂语法现象的句子, 在分析好句子结构并真正理解之后,再动手翻译。
五、汉语表达不清, 缺乏中文表达能力
    英译汉是英语和汉语两种语言之间的转化, 要求汉语准确完整, 符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 考生在复习时也应该注意训练自己的汉语表达能力。例如, 有人把“Several research groups have prepared samples of this compound …” 翻译成“好几个科研小组已经研制出这种化合物的标本……”,“标本”这一概念用于生物学和医学中, 如动植物标本, 血液标本等。在化学中, sample指“样品”或“试样”。因此, 该句最好应翻译为“几个科研小组已准备出这种化合物的样品……”。这就要求考生在复习或应考时, 要注意充分利用自己已经具有的百科知识。
六、有些代词翻译得不够明确
在考试的过程中, 考生应该仔细地阅读全文, 出划线部分中英语代词所指代的人或物, 并尽量明确地把它们翻译出来。而且，还要把代词翻成它(们)所代的名词、短语。
✧ 重点练习
被动语态
（1）英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文中使用了 “加以”, “经过”, “用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如:
1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.
其他问题将简单地加以讨论。
.2.Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.
核能对健康、安全, 甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词—辐射来概括。
(2) 将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。如:
1.It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.
可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。
2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programme
s which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考题)
人们常说, 电视使人了解时事, 熟悉政治领域的最新发展变化, 并能源源不断 地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。
3.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.
人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。
reactor technology 文章翻译另外, 下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:
It is asserted that … 有人主张 ……
It is believed that … 有人认为……
It is generally considered that … 大家(一般人)认为
It is well known that … 大家知道(众所周知)……
It will be said … 有人会说……
It was told that … 有人曾经说……
(3) 将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语, 在此情况下, 英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。例如:
例1.A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.
原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。
例2.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.
大战结束时, 这个组织拯救了八百人, 但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。
例3.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. (93年考题)
许多人认为, 普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比, 而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。
(4) 翻译成汉语的无主句。 例如:
例1.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.
应该尽最大努力告诫年轻人吸烟的危害, 特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。(82年考题)
例2.By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.
通过这种方法分析发现不同种类的蜂蜜的抗菌活动对热的敏感程度也极为不同。
例3.Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.
在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具, 其中最奇特的也许就是气垫 船了。
例4.New source of energy must be found, and this will take time….
必须到新的能源，这需要时间……(91年考题）
另外, 下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:
It is hoped that … 希望……
It is reported that … 据报道……
It is said that … 据说……
It is supposed that … 据推测……
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说……
It must be admitted that … 必须承认……
It must be pointed out that … 必须指出……
It will be seen from this that … 由此可见……
(5) 翻译成带表语的主动句。例如:
例1.The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
例2.On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
总的来说, 得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的, 但必须具备两个条件: 能够 假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同; 他也没有 因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

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