Designation:A1016/A1016M–08
Standard Specification for
General Requirements for Ferritic Alloy Steel,Austenitic Alloy Steel,and Stainless Steel Tubes1
This standard is issued under thefixed designation A1016/A1016M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1.Scope*
1.1This specification covers a group of requirements that, unless otherwise specified in an individual specification,shall apply to the ASTM product specifications noted below.
Title of Specification ASTM
Designation A
Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and
Superheater Tubes
A209/A209M
Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler,Superheater,
and Heat-Exchanger Tubes
A213/A213M
Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler,Superheater,Heat-Exchanger,
and Condenser Tubes
A249/A249M
Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy-Steel Boiler and
Superheater Tubes
A250/A250M
Seamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel
Tubing for General Service
A268/A268M
Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for
General Service
A269 Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing A270 Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy-Steel Tubes for
Low-Temperature Service
A334/A334M Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes A668/A668M Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for Breeder Reactor Core
Components
A771/A771M
Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing
for General Service
A789/A789M Welded Ferritic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes A803/A803M Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steel Duct Tubes for Breeder
Reactor Core Components
A826/A826M
High-Frequency Induction Welded,Unannealed Austenitic Steel
Condenser Tubes
A851
A These designations refer to the latest issue of the respective specifications.
1.2In the case of conflict between a requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this general require-ments specification,the product specification shall prevail.In the case of conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this general requirements specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order,the purchase order shall prevail.
1.3The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard.Within the text,the SI units are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore,each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.The inch-pound units shall apply unless the“M”designation(SI)of the product specification is specified in the order.
2.Referenced Documents
2.1ASTM Standards:2
A209/A209M Specification for Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tub
es A213/A213M Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Aus-tenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler,Superheater,and Heat-Exchanger Tubes
A249/A249M Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler,Superheater,Heat-Exchanger,and Condenser Tubes
A250/A250M Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
A268/A268M Specification for Seamless and Welded Fer-ritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
A269Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
A270Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic and Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing
A334/A334M Specification for Seamless and Welded Car-bon and Alloy-Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature Service A370Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A530/A530M Specification for General Requirements for Specialized Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe
A668/A668M Specification for Steel Forgings,Carbon and Alloy,for General Industrial Use
A700Practices for Packaging,Marking,and Loading Meth-ods for Steel Products for Shipment
A751Test Methods,Practices,and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel Products
1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.10on Stainless and Alloy Steel Tubular Products.
Current edition approved Oct.1,2008.Published November2008.Originally approved in2001.Last previous edition approved in2004as A1016/A1016M-04a. DOI:10.1520/A1016_A1016M-08.
2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright.(C)ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Dr.,PO box C-700West Conshohocken,Pennsylvania19428-2959,United States
A771/A771M Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components3
A789/A789M Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Ser-vice
A803/A803M Specification for Welded Ferritic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes
A826/A826M Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Duct Tubes for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components3
A851Specification for High-Frequency Induction Welded, Unannealed,Austenitic Steel Condenser Tubes3
A941Terminology Relating to Steel,Stainless Steel,Re-lated Alloys,and Ferroalloys
A1047/A1047M Test Method for Pneumatic Leak Testing of Tubing
D3951Practice for Commercial Packaging
E92Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materi-als
E213Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and Tubing
E273Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of the Weld Zone of Welded Pipe and Tubing
E309Practice for Eddy-Current Examination of Steel Tu-bular Products Using Magnetic Saturation
E426Practice for Electromagnetic(Eddy-Current)Exami-nation of Seamless and Welded Tubular Products,Austen-itic Stainless Steel and Similar Alloys
E570Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferromag-netic Steel Tubular Products
2.2ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code:
Section IX,Welding Qualifications4
2.3Federal Standard:
FED-STD-183Continuous Identification Marking of Iron and Steel Products5
2.4Military Standards:
MIL-STD-271Nondestructive Testing Requirements for Metals5
MIL-STD-163Steel Mill Products Preparation for Ship-ment and Storage5
MIL-STD-792Identification Marking Requirements for Special Purpose Equipment5
2.5Steel Structures Painting Council:
SSPC-SP6Surface Preparation Specification No.6Com-mercial Blast Cleaning6
2.6Other Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
Personnel Qualification and Certification7
AIAG Bar Code Symbology Standard8
3.Terminology
3.1Definitions:
3.1.1The definitions in Test Methods and Definitions A370, Test Methods,Practices,and Terminology A751,and Termi-nology A941are applicable to this specification and to those listed in1.1.
3.1.2heat,n—in secondary melting,all of the ingots remelted from a single primary heat.
3.1.3imperfection,n—any discontinuity or irregularity found in a tube.
4.Manufacture
4.1The steel shall made by any process.
4.2The primary melting is permitted to incorporate separate degassing or refining and is permitted to be followed by secondary melting,such as electroslag remelting or vacuum-arc remelting.
4.3When steel of different grades is sequentially strand cast,the resultant transition material shall be removed using an established procedure that positively separates the grades.
5.Ordering Information
5.1It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify all requirements that are necessary for product ordered under the product specification.Such requirements to be considered include,but are not limited to,the following:
5.1.1Quantity(feet,metres,or number of pieces),
5.1.2Name of material(stainless steel tubing),
5.1.3Method of manufacture,when applicable(seamless (SML),welded(WLD),or heavily cold-worked(HCW)), 5.1.4Grade or UNS number,
5.1.5Size(outside diameter and average or minimum wall thickness),
5.1.6Length(specific or random),
5.1.7Endfinish if required,
5.1.8Optional requirements,
5.1.9Specific type of melting,if required,
5.1.10Test report requirements,
5.1.11Specification designation and year of issue,and 5.1.12Special requirements or any supplementary require-ments,or both.
6.Chemical Composition
6.1Chemical Analysis—Samples for chemical analysis,and method of analysis,shall be in accordance with Test Methods, Practices,and Terminology A751.
6.2Heat Analysis—An analysis of each heat of steel shall be made by the steel manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements specified.If secondary melting processes are employed,the heat analysis shall be obtained from one remelted ingot or the product of one remelted ingot of each
3Withdrawn.The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
4Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME),ASME International Headquarters,Three Park Ave.,New York,NY10016-5990,
5Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk,Bldg.4Section D,700 Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia,PA19111-5098,Attn:NPODS.
6Available from Society for Protective Coatings(SSPC),4024th St.,6th Floor, Pittsburgh,PA15222-4656,
7Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing(ASNT),P.O.Box 28518,1711Arlingate Ln.,Columbus,OH43228-0518,
8Available from Automotive Industry Action Group(AIAG),26200Lahser Rd., Suite200,Southfield,MI48033,
primary melt.The chemical composition thus determined,or
that determined from a product analysis made by the tubular
product manufacturer,shall conform to the requirements speci-
fied in the product specification.
6.2.1For steels ordered under product specifications refer-
encing this specification of general requirements,the steel shall
not contain an unspecified element,other than nitrogen for
stainless steels,for the ordered grade to the extent that the steel
conforms to the requirements of another grade for which that
element is a specified element having a required minimum
content.For this requirement,a grade is defined as an alloy
described individually and identified by its own UNS designa-
tion in a table of chemical requirements within any specifica-
tion listed within the scope as being covered by this specifi-
cation.
6.3Product Analysis—Product analysis requirements and
options,if any,shall be as contained in the product specifica-
tion.
7.Tensile Properties
7.1The material shall conform to the tensile property
requirements prescribed in the individual product specification.
7.2The yield strength,when specified,shall be determined
corresponding to a permanent offset of0.2%of the gage length
or to a total extension of0.5%of the gage length under load.
7.3If the percentage of elongation of any test specimen is
less than that specified and any part of the fracture is more than 3⁄4in.[19.0mm]from the center of the gage length,as indicated by scribe marks on the specimen before testing,a
retest shall be allowed.
8.Standard Mass per Unit Length
8.1The calculated mass per foot,based upon a specified minimum wall thickness,shall be determined by the following equation(see Note1):
W5C~D–t!t(1) where:
C=10.69[0.0246615],
W=mass per unit length,lb/ft[kg/m],
D=specified outside diameter,in.[mm],and
t=specified minimum wall thickness,in.[mm].
N OTE1—The calculated masses given by Eq1are based on the masses for carbon steel tubing.The mass of tubing made of ferritic stainless steels may be up to about5%less,and that made of austenitic stainless steel up to about2%greater than the values given.Mass of ferritic/austenitic (duplex)stainless steel will be intermediate to the mass of fully austenitic and fully ferritic stainless steel tubing.
8.2The permitted variations from the calculated mass per foot[kilogram per meter]shall be as prescribed in Table1.
9.Permitted Variations in Wall Thickness
9.1Variations from the specified minimum wall thickness shall not exceed the amounts prescribed in Table2.
9.2For tubes2in.[50mm]and over in outside diameter and 0.220in.[5.6mm]and over in thickness,the variation in wall thickness in any one cross section of any one tube shall not exceed the following percentage of the actual mean wall at the section.The actual mean wall is defined as the average of the thickest and thinnest wall in that section.
Seamless tubes610%
Welded tubes65%
9.3When cold-finished tubes as ordered require wall thick-nesses3⁄4in.[19.1mm]or over,or an inside diameter60%or less of the outside diameter,the permitted variations in wall thickness for hot-finished tubes shall apply.
10.Permitted Variations in Outside Diameter
10.1Except as provided in10.2.1,10.3,and25.10.4, variations from the specified outside diameter shall not exceed the amounts prescribed in Table3.
10.2Thin-wall tubes usually develop significant ovality (out-of-roundness)duringfinal annealing,or straightening,or both.Thin-wall tubes are defined as those with a specified wall 3%or less than the specified OD,or with a wall specified as 0.020in.[0.5mm]or less.
10.2.11The diameter tolerances of Table3are not sufficient to provide for additional ovality expected in thin-wall tubes, and,for such tubes,are applicable only to the mean of the extreme(maximum and minimum)outside diameter readings in any one cross section.However,for thin wall tubes the difference in extreme outside diameter readings(ovality)in any one cross section shall not exceed the following ovality allowances:
TABLE1Permitted Variations in Mass Per Foot A Method of
Manufacture
Permitted Variation in Mass
per Foot,%
reactor pressure vesselOver Under Seamless,hot-finished160
Seamless,cold-finished
11⁄2in.[38mm]and under OD120
Over11⁄2in.[38mm]OD130
Welded100
A These permitted variations in mass apply to lots of50tubes or more in sizes 4in.[101.6mm]and under in outside diameter,and to lots of20tubes or more in sizes over4in.[101.6mm]in outside diameter.
TABLE2Permitted Variations in Wall Thickness A
Wall Thickness,%
Outside
Diameter
in.[mm]
0.095
[2.4]
and
Under
Over0.095
to0.150
[2.4to
3.8],incl
Over0.150
to0.0180
[3.8to
4.6],incl
Over
0.180
[4.6]
Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Seamless,Hot-Finished Tubes
4[100]
and
under
400350330280
Over4
[100]
(350330280)
Seamless,Cold-Finished Tubes
Over Under
11⁄2[38.1]and under200
Over11⁄2[38.1]220
Welded Tubes
All sizes180
A These permitted variations in wall thickness apply only to tubes,except internal-upset tubes,as rolled or cold-finished,and before swaging,expanding, bending,polishing,or other fabricating
operations.
Outside Diameter,in.[mm]Ovality Allowance
1[25.4]and under0.020[0.5]
Over1[25.4] 2.0%of specified outside diameter 10.3For cold-finished seamless austenitic and ferritic/ austenitic tubes,an ovality allowance is necessary for all sizes less than2in.[50.8mm]outside diameter,because they are likely to become out of round during theirfinal heat treatment. For such tubes,the maximum and minimum outside diameter at any cross section shall not deviate from the nominal diameter by more than60.010in.[60.25mm].However,the mean diameter at that cross section must still be within the given permitted variation given in Table3.In the event of conflict between the provisions of10.2.1and those of10.3,the larger value of ovality tolerance shall apply.
10.4When the specified wall is2%or less of the specified OD,the method of measurement is per agreement between purchaser and manufacturer(see Note2).
N OTE2—Very thin wall tubing may not be stiff enough for the outside diameter to be accurately measured with a point contact method,such as with the use of a micrometer or caliper.When very thin walls are specified,“go”–“no go”ring gages are commonly used to measure diameters of11⁄2in.[38.1mm]or less.A.002in.[0.05mm]additional tolerance is usually added on the“go”ring gage to allow cl
earance for sliding.On larger diameters,measurement is commonly performed with a pi tape.Other methods,such as optical methods,may also be considered.
11.Permitted Variations in Length
11.1Variations from the specified length shall not exceed the amounts prescribed in Table4.
12.Permitted Variations in Height of Flash on Electric-
Resistance-Welded Tubes
12.1For tubes over2in.[50.8mm]in outside diameter,or over0.135in.[3.44mm]in wall thickness,theflash on the inside of the tubes shall be mechanically removed by cutting to a maximum height of0.010in.[0.25mm]at any point on the tube.
12.2For tubes2in.[50.8mm]and under in outside diameter and0.135in.[3.44mm]and under in wall thickness, theflash on the inside of the tube shall be mechanically removed by cutting to a maximum height of0.006in.[0.15 mm]at any point on the tube.
13.Straightness and Finish
13.1Finished tubes shall be reasonably straight and have smooth ends free of burrs.They shall have a workmanlike finish.It is permitted to remove surface imperfections by grinding,provided that a smooth curved surface is maintained, and the wall thickness is not decreased to less than that permitted by this or the product specification,or the purchase order.The outside diameter at the point of grinding may be reduced by the amount so removed.
14.Repair by Welding
14.1Repair welding of base metal defects in tubing is permitted only with the approval of the purchaser and with the further understanding that the tube shall be marked“WR”and the composition of the depositedfiller metal shall be suitable for the composition being welded.Defects shall be thoroughly chipped or ground out before welding and each repaired length shall be reheat treated or stress relieved as required by the applicable specification.Each length of repaired tube shall be examined by a nondestructive test as required by the product specification.
14.2Repair welding shall be performed using procedures and welders or welding operators that have been qualified in accordance with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX.
15.Retests
15.1If the results of the mechanical tests of any group or lot do not conform to the requirements specified in the individual specification,retests may be made on additional tubes of double the original number from the same group or lot,each of which shall conform to the requirements specified.
16.Reheat Treatment
16.1If the individual tubes or the tubes selected to represent any group or lot fail to conform to the test requirements,the individual tubes or the group or lot represented may be reheat treated and resubmitted for test.Not more than two reheat treatments shall be permitted.
17.Test Specimens
17.1Test specimens shall be taken from the ends offinished tubes prior to upsetting,swaging,expanding,or other forming
TABLE3Permitted Variations in Outside Diameter A
Specified Outside Diameter,Permitted Variations,in.[mm]
in.[mm]Over Under
Hot-Finished Seamless Tubes
4[100]or under1⁄64[0.4]1⁄32[0.8]
Over4to71⁄2[100to200],incl1⁄64[0.4]3⁄64[1.2]
Over71⁄2to9[200to225],incl1⁄64[0.4]1⁄16[1.6] Welded Tubes and Cold-Finished Seamless Tubes
Under1[25]0.004[0.1]0.004[0.11]
1to11⁄2[25to40],incl0.006[0.15]0.006[0.15] Over11⁄2to2[40to50],excl0.008[0.2]0.008[0.2]
2to21⁄2[50to65],excl0.010[0.25]0.010[0.25]
21⁄2to3[65to75],excl0.012[0.3]0.012[0.3]
3to4[75to100],incl0.015[0.38]0.015[0.38] Over4to71⁄2[100to200],incl0.015[0.38]0.025[0.64] Over71⁄2to9[200to225],incl0.015[0.38]0.045[1.14]
A Except as provided in10.2and10.3,these permitted variations include out-of-roundness.These permitted variations in outside diameter apply to hot-finished seamless,welded and cold-finished seaml
ess tubes before other fabri-cating operations such as upsetting,swaging,expanding,bending,or polishing.
TABLE4Permitted Variations in Length A
Method of
Manufacture
Specified Outside
Diameter,in.
[mm]
Cut Length,in.[mm]
Over Under
Seamless,hot-finished All sizes3⁄16[5]0[0] Seamless,cold-finished Under2[50.8]1⁄8[3]0[0]
2[50.8]or over3⁄16[5]0[0] Welded Under2[50.8]1⁄8[3]0[0]
2[50.8]or over3⁄16[5]0[0]
A These permitted variations in length apply to tubes before bending.They apply to cut lengths up to and including24ft[7.3m].For lengths greater than24ft[7.3 m],the above over-tolerances shall be increased by1⁄8in.[3mm]for each10ft[3 m]or fraction thereof over24ft or1⁄2in.[13mm],whichever is the
lesser.
operations,or being cut to length.They shall be smooth on the ends and free of burrs andflaws.
17.2If any test specimen showsflaws or defective machin-ing,it may be discarded and another specimen substituted. 18.Method of Mechanical Testing
18.1The specimens and mechanical tests required shall be made in accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A370.
18.2Specimens shall be tested at room temperature.
18.3Small or subsize specimens as described in Test Methods and Definitions A370may be used only when there is insufficient material to prepare one of the standard specimens. When using small or subsize specimens,the largest one possible shall be used.
19.Flattening Test
19.1A section of tube not less than21⁄2in.[60mm]in length for seamless tubes and not less than4in.[100mm]in length for welded tubes and for heavily cold-worked tubes shall beflattened cold between parallel plates in two steps.For welded tubes,the weld shall be placed90°from the direction of the applied force(at a point of maximum bending).During thefirst step,which is a test for ductility,no cracks or breaks, except as provided for in19.4,on the inside,outside,or end surfaces shall occur in seamless tubes,or on the inside or outside surfaces of welded tubes and heavily cold-worked tubes,until the distance between the plates is less than the value of H calculated by the following equation:
H5~11e!t
e1t/D(2)
where:
H=distance betweenflattening plates,in.[mm],
t=specified wall thickness of the tube,in.[mm],
D=specified outside diameter of the tube,in.[mm],and e=deformation per unit length(constant for a given grade of steel:0.07for medium-carbon steel(maximum
specified carbon0.19%or greater),0.08for ferritic
alloy steel,0.09for austenitic steel,and0.09for
low-carbon steel(maximum specified carbon0.18%
or less)).
During the second step,which is a test for soundness,the flattening shall be continued until the specimen breaks or the opposite walls of the specimen meet.Evidence of laminated or unsound material,or of incomplete weld that is revealed during the entireflattening test shall be cause for rejection.
19.2Surface imperfections in the test specimens before flattening,but revealed during thefirst step of theflattening test,shall be judged in accordance with thefinish requirements.
19.3Superficial ruptures resulting from surface imperfec-tions shall not be cause for rejection.
19.4When low D-to-t ratio tubular products are tested, because the strain imposed due to geometry is unreasonably high on the inside surface at the six and twelve o’clock locations,cracks at these locations shall not be cause for rejection if the D-to-t ratio is less than10.
20.Reverse Flattening Test
20.1A section4in.[100mm]in length offinished welded tubing in sizes down to and including1⁄2in.[12.7mm]in outside diameter shall be split longitudinally90°on each side of the weld and the sample opened andflattened with the weld at the point of maximum bend.There shall be no evidence of cracks or lack of penetration or overlaps resulting fromflash removal in the weld.
21.Reverse Bend Test
21.1A section4in.[100mm]minimum in length shall be split longitudinally90°on each side of the weld.The sample shall then be opened and bent around a mandrel with a maximum thickness of four ti
mes the wall thickness,with the mandrel parallel to the weld and against the original outside surface of the tube.The weld shall be at the point of maximum bend.There shall be no evidence of cracks or of overlaps resulting from the reduction in thickness of the weld area by cold working.When the geometry or size of the tubing make it difficult to test the sample as a single piece,the sample may be sectioned into smaller pieces provided a minimum of4in.of weld is subjected to reverse bending.
21.2The reverse bend test is not applicable when the wall is 10%or more of the specified outside diameter,or the wall thickness is0.134in.[3.4mm]or greater,or the outside diameter is less than0.375in.[9.5mm].Under these condi-tions,the reverseflattening test shall apply.
22.Flaring Test
22.1A section of tube approximately4in.[100mm]in length shall stand beingflared with a tool having a60°included angle until the tube at the mouth of theflare has been expanded to the percentages specified in Table5without cracking or showing imperfections rejectable under the provisions of the product specification.
23.Flange Test
23.1A section of tube shall be capable of having aflange turned over at a right angle to the body of the tube without cracking or showing imperfections rejectable under the provi-sions of the product specification.The width of theflange for carbon and alloy steels shall be not less than the percentages specified in Table6.For the austenitic grades,the width of the flange for all sizes listed in Table6shall be not less than15%.
24.Hardness Test
24.1For tubes with wall thickness0.200in.[5.1mm]or over,either the Brinell or Rockwell hardness test shall be used.
TABLE5Flaring Test Requirements
Minimum Expansion of Inside Diameter,% Ratio of Inside
Diameter to Specified
Outside Diameter A
Carbon,Carbon-Molybdenum,
and Other Ferritic Alloy Steels
Austenitic Steels
0.92115
0.82217
0.72519
0.63023
0.53928
0.45138
0.36850
A In determining the ratio of inside diameter to specified outside diameter,the inside diameter shall be defined as the actual mean inside diameter of the material
tested.
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