Chernobyl disaster (para.15)

The nuclear reactor after the disaster. Reactor 4 (center). Turbine building (lower left). Reactor 3 (center right).
Date
26 April 1986 (1986-04-26)
Time
01:23 (Moscow Time UTC+3)
Location
Pripyat普里皮亚季(Pripyat)是乌克兰的一个城镇名极品飞车攻略字，是切尔诺贝利事件的隔离区，它是一座被废弃的城市，具体在乌克兰首都基辅以北的区域, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union, now Ukraine
Location of Chernobyl nuclear power plant
The Chernobyl disaster (locally Ukrainian: Katastrofa – Chornobyl Catastrophe) was a nuclear accident of catastrophic degree that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine (officially Ukrainian SSR), which was under the direct jurisdiction of the central authorities in Moscow. An explosion and fire released large quantit
ies of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere, which spread over much of Western USSR and Europe. It is widely considered to have been the worst nuclear power plant accident in history, and is one of only two classified as a level 7 event on the International Nuclear Event Scale (the other being the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster).[1] The battle to contain the contamination and avert a greater catastrophe ultimately involved over 500,000 workers and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles, crippling the Soviet economy.[2]
The disaster began during a systems test on Saturday, 26 April 1986 at reactor number four of the Chernobyl plant, which is near the city of Prypiat and in close proximity to the administrative border with Belarus and Dnieper river. There was a sudden power output surge, and when an emergency shutdown was attempted, a more extreme spike in power output occurred, which led to a reactor vessel rupture and a series of explosions. These events exposed the graphite moderator of the reactor to air, causing it to ignite.[3] The Nuclear Regulatory Commission, however, has found that graphite could not burn at such low temperatures and was not the reason for the fire. [4] [5] The resulting fire sent a plume
of highly radioactive smoke fallout into the atmosphere and over an extensive geographical area, including Pripyat. The plume drifted over large parts of the western Soviet Union and Europe. From 1986 to 2000, 350,400 people were evacuated and resettled from the most severely contaminated areas of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.[6][7] According to official post-Soviet data,[8][9] about 60% of the fallout landed in Belarus.
The accident raised concerns about the safety of the Soviet nuclear power industry, as well as nuclear power in general, slowing its expansion for a number of years and forcing the Soviet government to become less secretive about its procedures.[10][notes 1] The government coverup of the Chernobyl disaster was a "catalyst" for glasnost, which "paved the way for reforms leading to the Soviet collapse."[11]
Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus have been burdened with the continuing and substantial decontamination and health care costs of the Chernobyl accident. A report of the International Atomic Energy Agency,[9] examines the environmental consequences of the accident. Estimates of the number of deaths potentially resulting from the accident vary en
ormously: Thirty one deaths are directly attributed to the accident, all among the reactor staff and emergency workers.[12] An UNSCEAR report places the total confirmed deaths from radiation at 64 as of 2008. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the death toll could reach 4,000 civilian deaths, a figure which does not include military clean-up worker casualties.[13] The Union of Concerned Scientists estimate that for the broader population there will be 50,000 excess cancer cases resulting in 25,000 excess cancer deaths.[14] The 2006 TORCH report predicted 30,000 to 60,000 cancer deaths as a result of Chernobyl fallout.[15] A Greenpeace report puts this figure at 200,000 or more. A Russian publication, Chernobyl, concludes that 985,000 premature cancer deaths occurred worldwide between 1986 and 2004 as a result of radioactive contamination from Chernobyl
切尔诺贝利核事故（para.15）
切尔诺贝利核电站是苏联时期在乌克兰境内修建的第一座核电站。曾被认为是世界上最安全、最可靠的核电站。但1986年4月26日，核电站的第4号核反应堆在进行半烘烤实验中突然发生失火，引起爆炸，据估算，核泄漏事故后产生的放射污染相当于日本广岛爆炸产生的放射污染的100倍。爆炸使机组被完全损坏，8吨多强辐射物质泄露，尘埃随风飘散，致使俄罗斯、白俄罗斯和乌克兰许多地区遭到核辐射的污染。2011年4月26日，切尔诺贝利事故迎来25周年纪念。
主要损失
  1986年4月26日当地时间1点24分，苏联的乌克兰共和国切尔诺贝利（台译：车诺比，港译：切尔诺贝尔，俄文：Чорнобиль，英文：Chernobyl）核能发电厂（原本以列宁的名字来命名）发生严重泄漏及爆炸事故。事故导致31人当场死亡，上万人由于放射性物质远期影响而致命或重病，至今仍有被放射线影响而导致畸形胎儿的出生。这是有史以来最严重的核事故。外泄的辐射尘随着大气飘散到前苏联的西部地区、东欧地区、北欧的斯堪的纳维亚半岛。乌克兰、白俄罗斯、俄罗斯受污染最为严重，由于风向的关系，据估计约有reactor pressure vessel60%的放射
性物质落在白俄罗斯的土地。此事故引起大众对于苏联的核电厂安全性的关注，事故也间接导致了苏联的瓦解。苏联瓦解后独立的国家包括俄罗斯、白俄罗斯及乌克兰等每年仍然投入经费与人力致力于灾难的善后以及居民健康保健。因事故而直接或间接死亡的人数难以估算，且事故后的长期影响到目前为止仍是个未知数。　
  意外发生后，马上有203人立即被送往医院，其中31人死亡，当中更有28人死于过量的辐射。死亡的人大部份是消防队员和救护员，因为他们并不知道意外中含有辐射的危险。为了控制核电辐射尘的扩散，当局立刻派人将135,000人撤离家园，其中约有50,000人是居住在切尔诺贝利附近的普里皮亚特镇居民。卫生单位预测在未来的70年间，受到5–12艾贝克辐射而导致癌症的人，比例将会上升2%。另外，已经有10人因为此次意外而受到辐射，并死于癌症。
  到2006年，官方的统计结果是，从事发到目前共有4000多人死亡。但是绿和平组织，基于白俄罗斯国家科学院的数据研究发现，在过去20年间，切尔诺贝利核事故受害者总计达9多万人，随时可能死亡。因此，绿和平组织认为，官方统计的结果比切尔诺贝利核泄漏造成的死亡人数少了至少9万人，这个数字是官方统计数字的20倍！对于绿和平组织的“估计”缺乏理论支持。
  死亡人数：9.3万人
  致癌人数：27万人
经济损失：180亿卢布、

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