2023高考英语二轮复习：阅读理解专题议论文
议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。文章通常由论点、论据、论证三部分构成，作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来论证某种观点正确与否，肯定或否定某种主张。
一、考情分析
议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解和推理判断为主，但不排除对观点态度的考查。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。
二、文体特点与阅读策略
1. 语言与结构特点
议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。议论文通常采用三段论式的结构，即“提出问题（引论）—分析问题（本论）—解决问题（结论）”。由此可见，
要理解议论文有两个关键点：一是要弄清文章的论点是什么、采用了哪些论据、如何论证；二是要理清其基本结构sort of things什么意思——三段论式结构。
2. 答题误区
议论文阅读理解题易错点往往在于事实与观点的区分以及观点本身。解题时，一要弄清哪些是引述的事实，哪些是作者的观点以及引述的不同人物的观点；二要弄清作者真正的观点是什么，既要考虑全文，又要重视结论部分，谨防将文章中引述的他人的观点和作者的观点混为一谈。
3. 阅读策略
在阅读解题时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读全文，再区分事实和观点。通常来说，议论文会采用三段论式结构。首段会通过一个故事或对某种现象的描述来引入话题，明确论点；接下来是文章的主体部分，会用两个或两个以上的段落引用事实和理论论据进行论证，常用的论证方法有举例、引用和对比，这一部分要注意作者选用的论据，它们往往与细节理解题的考查点相对应，同时还要留意论证的方法；文章的最后一段是结论部分，要弄
清作者最后得出了什么结论。在通读全文并了解文章的结构和内容后再阅读试题，到文章中去相对应的信息，比如事实、观点、作者真正的意图和结论等。
三、实战演练
【原创试题（一）】
For some school children, PE is the best lesson of the week — a chance to leave the desk behind, get outside, and enjoy a run around with friends. For others, it is a frequently miserable experience — a time when they feel embarrassed, and may even experience physical pain.
The idea of competitive sport was a clear source of argument. Those who were good at it did not want those less able to “get in the way”, while those less skilled felt annoyed for being made to compete. They also felt less “liked” by their PE teachers and their more sporty classmates.
Research demonstrates that a change in emphasis away from competitive sport and a mov
e away to prioritizing participation over excellence can dramatically increase the confidence and participation rates of those less skilled — because it really is the taking part that matters. If schools value taking part above winning against other schools, the nature of PE changes.
As one pupil commented: “I have actually joined the football team now because all the violence has gone. Before it was, ‘You made us lose the game ... it’s all your fault.’ With the new approach, it is more like we are all in there just trying to get better. No one is to blame. Now it is worth doing.”
To those who argue we need competitive sport to “build character”, I would point out that there is quite simply no evidence to support this view. But what we can build when we allow young people to work together in a spirit of support and cooperation is leadership and mutual understanding.
If we need competitive sport to build our national teams, this should happen out of school. PE is about the participation of all — not the excellence of a few.
At home, the most important thing a parent can do for a child who struggles with PE is to take their concerns seriously. Being physically active is extremely important for children and young people, so how, when, and at what level they do it should be primarily their choice.
1. What does the author consider the most important in PE lessons?
A. The rules of teachers.
B. The available sports activities.
C. The spirit of winning over others.
D. The participation of students.
2. Why does the author mention the comment of one pupil?
A. To support his argument.
B. To praise the boy’s behavior.
C. To explain the new approach.
D. To prove the violence of football.
3. What does the author think competitive sports fail to build?
A. Leadership.
B. Character.
C. Cooperation.
D. Mutual understanding.
4. How should parents help children who struggle with PE?
A. By making a schedule for them.
B. By giving them psychological counseling.
C. By letting them choose what to do.
D. By encouraging them to be the most excellent.
【原创试题（二）】
I once biked to my workplace. Having enjoyed a relatively uneventful seven miles or so on a car-free greenway, I was forced to finish my journey on busy, six-lane roads with rarely a bike lane, let alone a protected bike lane, in sight. I locked my bike to the always-empty bike rack (架子) outside and grabbed my morning coffee, already nervous about the afternoon journey home.
I think about this experience a lot, especially when I come across pro-bike or anti-car dialogue on my social media channels. On the one hand, I see activists and advocates rightly pointing out the terrible and too often deadly state of our roads. Whether it’s a lack of protective bike lanes or poorly designed bike parking, car-centric road layouts, or inconsistent enforcement of speed limits, we are not short of dangers that need to be dealt with. After all, these are structural challenges that ensure that biking remains a minority pastime for the brave-at-heart. No argument here.
Yet I also see bike advocates criticizing those around them for not biking or walking, or for choosing to drive instead. Sometimes it’s simply a remark like, “You aren’t stuck in traffic; you are traffic. But sometimes it’s a more barbed (挖苦的) attack on “lazy” parents in the school drop-off line or “greedy” car drivers who choose an SUV. I’ve even seen one tweet suggesting it should be illegal to drive your kids to school. Here’s the thing, though: If we’re going to point out the dangerous state of our roads, and the government’s lack of will to invest in alternatives, then we might want to recognize that it’s not exactly illogical for some of us to choose to drive.

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