Unit 3  英汉对比与翻译 （二）
课时：2节
教学目的要求：初步了解英语和汉语在句法上的差别，并学习翻译时的处理办法。
教学重点：英语和汉语在句法上的差别。
教学难点：翻译的策略。
教学内容：
句法现象的对比
A: People are always talking about “the problem of youth”. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt—then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings—people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and mayb
e that is where the rub its.
人们总是在谈论 “青年人问题”。如果真有这么一个问题——对这一点我要不揣冒昧地表示怀疑——那也是年长者早出来的，而不是青年人自己造成的。让我们认真考虑一下问题的根本吧，而且我们要承认青年人毕竟是人——跟他们长辈一样的人。青年人和老年人之间只有一点不同，那就是青年人的光辉未来在他们前头，而老年人的辉煌已经留在他们身后，或许这就是问题之所在。(宋天锡，2005: 53)
B:    He that loves glass without G,
      Takes away L and that is he.
  (Glass without G is lass, meaning a “young woman”. If the L is taken away from “lass”, what remains is an “ass”, referring to a donkey or a stupid person.
  Thus, it means “He who loves women is a stupid person”. (孙利民, 2005:74)
在翻译实践中，我们通常把句子作为操作处理的基本单位。英语和汉语的句子结构及句法既有相似之处，更有明显的区别。（傅晓玲等，2004：58）
1）时态对比：
英语的时态有十六种，与汉语的时态相比要复杂得多，汉语一般没有时态的变化。
如：I will go to Beijing tomorrow afternoon.
( 我明天下午去北京)
Jack used to be a government official, but he is in prison now.
(杰克从前是个政府官员，现在是犯人。)
2）句子结构
A）The two countries—with all the talk of warmer relations—are spying on each other as avidly as at the height of the cold war.
(尽管两国高唱关系改善，但双方仍像在冷战期间一样互相侦察对方）
B）The question is whether he can understand what she said about her position.
(问题是他能不能理解她的立场)
C）Hardly had he got home, it began to rain cats and dogs.
(他一回到家，天就下起了瓢泼大雨。）
D）Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality. (inverted)
当时我确实 还不太懂战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。
E）By the time he entered college, he had been exposed to English for 6 years.
上大学前，他学英语已经有六年时间了。
英语和汉语句子中语态的使用频率存在一定的差异。被动语态在英语中的使用比率相对与汉语而言要多。
Nothing was gained by all the over caution.
所有这些谨小慎微，到头来一无所得。
I must have been cheated again.
我准是又上当了。
To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber. When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore.
大自然为保护鲸，使它不致在北冰洋受冻，便让它长了一曾厚厚的脂肪，叫做鲸脂。鲸杀死后，把鲸脂剥下来熬油，这项工作有的在船上进行，有的在岸上进行。
3）复合句顺序（短语顺序）
sort of strange翻译
rich and poor;来回:back and forth;左右:right and left;迟早:
Sooner or later;水陆:land and water;饮食:eat and drink;夜以继
日:day and night;三三两两:by twos and threes.
翻译下列句子，注意排列顺序的差异：
Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected there is a “high temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its center roughly thirty miles above the ground.
人们早就怀疑，大气层中 有一个“高温带”，其中心在距地面约30英里的高空。利用火箭进行研究后，这一奇异的事实已得到证实。
（范仲英，1994：151）
A. 时间顺序
In any case, it was the most independent and self-reliant families who were the first to push westward to the Appalachian Mountains, then southward along the mountain valleys, then into the great Central Basin and finally westward beyond the Rockies.
无论如何，他们都非常独立，不靠别人只靠自己。他们先往西走，到达阿巴拉契亚山脉，后顺着山谷往南走，进入中央大盆地，后又向西越过了落矶山脉。
They went to see a film after they visited their old friends.
After they visited their old friends there, they went to see a film.
It was at 9:00, September 1st,  1889 ,that the meeting was held in a secrete place.
B）空间顺序
Arable lands are few and limited; with but slight exceptions the prospect is a broad rich mass of grass and trees, mantling minor hills and dales within the major. Such is the vale of Blackmore. (Tess of the D’Urbeverills, Hardy)
长庄稼的地块数不多，面积有限，全副景物，除了很小的例外，是大山抱小山，大谷套小谷，而在那些小山小谷上盖着一片绵连、茂盛的草和树。布蕾谷就是这种样子。 （张谷若翻译）
Hardy让人先看到的是草和树，再是小山和小谷再是大山和大谷；而以上译文根据汉语的习惯作了适当的调整。
C) 逻辑顺序
✓ 英语－因可前可后，汉语－先因后果；
Now tourism has grown in importance to such an extent that many Third World countries cannot balance their financial budget accounts without their considerable earnings from tourism. 现在，旅游业越来越重要，如果少了这一块巨额收入，第三世界国家就无法平衡其财政预算。
✓ 条件句中，英语的条件可前可后，汉语，先条件，再结果
If the system is used in the proper way to train umpires, we can look at this and see if there’s some kind of flaw. 如果我们合理地运用该系统来培训裁判员，就能通过该系统发现存在的缺陷。
✓ 表目的与行动的复合句

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