主谓一致
主谓一致即句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致。大致有三个基本原则:
sort of和kind of的区别1.语法一致原则,即主语是单数形式,谓语动词也采用单数形式;主语如是复数形式,谓语动词则相应的为复数形式。
2.意义一致原则,即主语、谓语不参照主语的语法形式,而是取决与主语所表述的实际意义为单数还是复数。
3.就近原则,即谓语动词和它最相邻的名词、代词或其它词在人称或数上保持一致。
专四考点:
1.语法一致
✧ 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as等词引起的短语时,位于动词与前面的主语一致。如:
Tom as well as two of his classmates was invited to the party. 汤姆和他的两个同学被邀请去参加聚会。
The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. 该大学的校长准备和院长们一起开会制定校规。
✧ 如果主语是由“a committee of, a panel of, a/the board of + 复数名词”构成,谓语动词通常用单数。如:
A panel of scientific advisers to the agency is expected to make a formal recommendation on Monday. 药监局的科学顾问小组将在周一提出正式建议。
The board of manager is responsible for the firm. 经理委员会对公司负责。
2.意义一致
✧ 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each, every,谓语需用单数。如:
No one except my parents knows anything about it. 除了我父母外没有人知道这件事。
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每个人都有一个录音机。
✧ 当主语是一本书或一条格言时,位于动词常用单数。如:
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者所熟知的一本书。
✧ 表示金钱、时间、价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数(用复数也可,意思不变)。如:
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 规定在3周内做好必要的准备。
3.就近原则
✧ 当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最近的主语保持一致。如:
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.桌子上有一支笔,一把小刀和几本书。
✧ 当either…or…与neither…nor…, not only… but also连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如:
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。
Neither I nor he is to blame. 既不怪我,也不怪他。
4. 其他情况
✧ 动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句作主语,谓语用单数。如:
To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far. 要全面地了解局势,需要比现在更深入的思考。
✧ 当用half of, part of, most of, a portion of等词构成的主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词、代词保持一致。如:
Most of his money is spent on books.它大部分的钱都花在书上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大多数学生积极参加体育活动。
✧ 关系代词作主语的定语从句中,谓语的数要与先行词之致。如:
Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood. 尽管做了很多研究,人们仍然无法完全理解昆虫生活周期中的某些元素。
✧ 以-s结尾的疾病(如arthritis, bronchitis, diabetes, mumps, phlebitis, rickets等)、游戏、地理名称等词语作主语,谓语用单数。如:
✧ 以-s结尾的学科名称(如physics, mathematics, mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletic等)作主语时,谓语用单数;但是如果用作其他意义时,谓语用复数。请注意对比:
Acoustics studies the science of sound.声学是一门研究声音的科学。
The acoustics of the new concert hall are perfect. 这家新音乐厅的音响效果棒极了。
✧ 英语中有一些通常以-s结尾的有两部分组成的物体分词,如:glasses, pincers, pliers, scissors, shorts, suspenders, trousers等,这类名词作主语,如果不带“一把”、 “一副”等单位词,谓语动词通常用复数。如果带有单位词,则由单位词决定动词的单、复数形式。如:
These trousers are made in Shanghai. 这些裤子是上海产的。
The pair of trousers is made in Shanghai. 这条裤子是上海产的。
✧ 英语中还有一些以-s结尾的名词,如:archives, arms, clothes, contents, eaves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains stairs, suburbs, thanks, wages等,这类名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。如:
The archives of the country are kept in the Department of Security. 国家的档案保存在安全部。
✧ 某些固定结构中谓语的数
a number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数
the number of +可数名词复数 谓语用单数
an amount of + 不可数名词 谓语用单数
the amount of +不可数名词 谓语用单数
the majority of +可数名词复数 谓语用复数
a great many +可数名词复数 谓语用复数
many a +可数名词单数 谓语用单数
more than one +可数名词单数 谓语用单数
one and a half +可数名词复数 谓语用单数
each /every +可数名词单数 谓语用单数
neither / either of +可数名词复数 谓语用单数
the greater part of 谓语的数与of后面的名词一致
a large proportion of 谓语的数与of后面的名词一致
50% of / one third of / plenty of / the rest of 谓语的数与of后面的名词一致
关于主谓一致的更多例句分类和练习如下:
1.集合名词作主语与谓语动词的一致的要点提示
(1) 集合名词如people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),等通常都用作复数。如:
The police are after a robber.
警察们在追赶一个强盗。
(2)集合名词如clothing,baggage,luggage,furniture,machinery,stationary, greenery, merchandise, equipment等通常用作单数。如:
All the machinery in the factory is made in China.
这家工厂所有机器都是中国制造。
(3) 集合名词如audience,army,band(乐队),board(委员会),class,company,couple,club,committee,crew,crowd,faculty,firm(公司),gang,government,group,public,team,troop,staff等作主语时,如把集合名词视为不可分割的统一整体,动词应用单数形式;如强调团体中每一个成员,则要用复数形式。如:
The audience was enormous. (作为一个体/整体来看)
观众人很多。
The audience were greatly moved at the words.
听了这话听众们都很感动。
(4) 如果主语时是由a committee of / a panel of / a board of 加复数名词构成,随后的动词常用单数。如:
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