2022高考英语二轮专项(14):主谓一致和倒装
Unit14 主谓一致和倒装
一、考点聚焦
1、语法形式上的一致
主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。
The number of students in our school is 1,700.
Mary and Kelly look alike.
2、意义上一致
(1)主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。
The crowd were runing for their lives.
单数形式代表复数内容的词有people、police、cattle等。
(2)主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。The news is very exciting.
形复意单的单词有new、works(工厂)、means和以ics结尾的学科名称physics、poli-tics、economics等。
3、就近原则。即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。假如连词or、either … or、neither … nor、not only … but also等连接的并列主语,假如一个是单数,一个是复数,谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。
Either you or I am mad.
4、应注意的若干问题
(1)名词作主语。
①某些集体名词如family、team等作主语时,假如作为一个整体看待,谓语用单数,反之用复数。
My family is going out for a trip.
The whole family are watching TV.
这类词常有audience、class club、committee、company、crew、crowd、enemy、government、group、party、public、team等。
Population和“a group(crowd)of + 复数名词”也适用于这种情形,强调整体用单数,强调各个部分用复数。
②某些集体名词如people、police、cattle、oxen只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。
③单、复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词应依照意义决定单、复数。
A sheep is over there. Some sheep are over there.
④名词所有格之后的名词被省略,这种情形一样只指商店、工场、住宅等;作主语时,动词一样用单数。My uncle’s is not for from here.
常见的省略名词有the baker’s 、the barbar’s、the Zhang’s等。
表示店铺的名词一样作集体名词看待,但用作主语时,谓语动词往往用复数。如:
Richardson’s have a lot of old goods to sell.
⑤当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时刻、书名等复数名词时,往往能够依照意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语用单数。
Thirty years has passed.
Five minutes is enough to finish the task.
⑥不定代词each、every、no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:
Each boy and each girl in my class has a dictionary.
⑦假如主语有more than one … 或many a … 构成,尽管从意义上
看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词用单数形式。
More than one student has seen the play.
Many a boy has bought that kind of toy.
然而,“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构之后,谓语用复数。
⑧一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式。如glasses、clothes、trousers、shoes、compasses、chopsticks、scissors等。
但假如主语用a kind of、a pair of、a series of等加名词构成时,谓语动词一样用单数形式。
A pair of shoes was on the desk.
⑨this kind of book = a book of this kind(这种书),其谓语动词;短语this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of
men(口语)(这一类人),但this kind of men的谓语用单数,men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语用复数,all kinds of后跟复数名词,谓语用复数形式。如:
This kind of men is dangerous.
Men of theis kind/sort are dangerous.
⑩复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时,按意义一致的原则,用作单数意义时,谓语用单数,反之,谓语用复数。这类名词有means、works、species(种类)、Chinese、Japanese等。当它们的前面有 a、such a、this、that修饰时,谓语用单数;有all、such、these、those修饰时,谓语用复数。
假如名词词组中心词是all、most、half、rest等词语,所指是复数意义,谓语动词用复数形式,反之用单数。
All of my students work hard.
All of the oil is gone.
在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:
Between the two windows hangs an oil painting.
(2)由连接词连接的名词作主语。
①用and或both … and 连接并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式。但假如并列主语指的是同一个人,同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。
Truth and honesty is the best policy.
To love and to be loved is the great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
A knife and fork is on the table.
②当主语后面跟有as well as、as much as、no less than、sort of和kind ofalong with、with、like、rather than、together with、but、except、besides、including、in addition to等引导的词组时,采取“就远原则”。
③以or、either … or、neigher … nor、not only … but also等连接的词作主语时,采取“就近原则”。
(3)代词作主语。
①名词型物主代词连接的动词,既能够用单数,也能够用复数,这取决于它所代替的是单数依旧复数。
Ours (Our Party) is a great Party.
Your shoes are white, mine (= my shoes) are black.
②such、the same起指示代词作用时,应依照其所指的内容来决定单、复数。
Such is our plan. Such are his last words.
③关系代词who、that、which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
④疑问词who、what、which作主语时,谓语动词可依照说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。
Who lives next door? It is Xiao Liu.
Who lives next door? It is Wang and Li.
⑤不定代词any、either、neither、none、all、some、more等作主语时,要注意下列情形:
(A)单独作主语时,视其在文中的意义,动词可用单数或复数形式。Now all has been changed. All are present.(B)其后接of时,若of的宾语为不可数名词,动词用单数形式;若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时,动词能够是单数,也能够是复数;在正式文体中,单数形式的动词更常用。Do (es) any of you know about the accident? None of us has
(have) seen the film.
(4)分数、量词作主语。
①“分数或百分数 + 名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。如:
Lots of damage was caused by flood.
A number of students have gone to the countryside.
A large quantity of people is needed here.
Quantities of food (nuts) were still on the table.
②a great deal of、a large amount of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数;large amounts of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。
③表示数量的one and a half后,名词要用复数形式,然而其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
One and a half apples is left on the table.
④half of、(a)part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数,修饰可数名词复数时,谓语动词用复数。
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