1 根据词类确定词义
Up
1） What are you doing up there?
你在那边做什么?
2) He is well up in mathermatics.
他精通数学
3) They went up wind.
他们迎风而行
sort of there是什么意思4） They new museum is up and opens to the public.
  新博物馆已经落成并向公众开放。
5） We all have our ups and downs.
  人生总有起起落落。
Light
1） I took a good room. It was big, light and looked out on the East Lake.
  我租了一个挺不错的房间，面积大，采光好，又面朝东湖。
2）He lighted his cigarette, said good night, and went on.
  他点火器燃了一根香烟，道了声“晚安”, 按着便继续赶路。
3）Plants grow rapidly when exposed to light.
  植物有了光照就会快速生长。
英译汉增词：词汇性增词和逻辑性增词
1) 原文省略的词
Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.
物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。
2） 必要的连接词
Heated, water will change into vapor.
水如受热，就会气化（蒸发）
3） 复数概念
The mountains began to show their long blue shadows over the valley.
山开始向山谷投下一道道蓝长影。
4） 抽象概念增词
This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic ecomputers.
这种在甚低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对电子计算机很有用处。
5） 逻辑性增词
According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.
根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸的表层土壤。
6） 概括性增词
The American and Japanese conducted a completely secrete exchange of message.
美日双方在完全保密的情况下互相交换了信息。
7） 连贯性增词
Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of fashion.
不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧。
8） 重复性增词
Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as admiration.
无知是恐惧的根源，也是钦佩的根源。
E-C Exercise: 4-1
● We were lucky enough to be alive after the accident. We wouldn’t have the chance to sit here and reflect on the night.
● 真是很幸运，在那次事故之后我们还活着。否则，我们不可能有机会坐在这里回想那天晚上的事。
E-C Exercise: 4-2
● The oak is a symbol of strength, the lion of courage, the lamb of weakness.
● 橡树是力量的象征，狮子是勇敢的象征，而羔羊是软弱的象征。
● Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
● 读书使人充实，讨论使人敏捷，写作使人准确。
C-E Exercise 4-1
● 班门弄斧
● to show off one’s proficiency with an axe before Luban, the master carpenter.
● 比较: to show off with an axe before Luban.
● 解放前（后）
● before (after) the liberation of old China
● 比较: before the liberation
Exercise 4-2
● 看粮食，要看中国的农业; 看农业，首先要看市场。
● To have a better understanding of the food situation in China, we must take a full view of her agriculture, and to know the agriculture, we must have a look at the food market first.
Exercise 4-3
● 这本小说内容有趣，文字浅显，立即畅销全国。
● The novel has gained immediate nationwide popularity as it is at once interesting in content and easy in language.
● 他小时候家里很穷，没什么衣服可穿，也没什么东西可吃。
● When he way young, his family was so poor that he had no more enough food to eat and clothing to wear.
1) 减代词：
They went in to dinner. It was excellent, and the wine was good. Its influence presently had its effect on them. They talked not only without acrimony(辛辣，尖刻)，but even with friendliness.
● 他们进入餐厅用餐。美味佳肴，顿受感染，言谈间不但没有恶语，甚至还充满友好之情。
2）减冠词:
● The moon was slowly rising above the sea.
● 月亮慢慢从海上升起。
3) 减介词
● The difference between the two machines consists in power
● 这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。
4) 减连词
● If I had known it, I would not have joined it.
● 早知如此，我就不参加了。
5) 减动词
● When the pressure gets low, the billing point becomes low.
● 气压低，沸点就低。
6）减非人称代词“it”
● Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.
● 外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。
汉译英的减词情况：
1） 不必要的重复或冗词;
2） 概念范畴类词语;
3） 过详的细节描述;
细节词的省略:
花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。
The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed
and more money than could be spent.
Exercises:
1. 我们说，长征是历史记录上的第一次，长征是宣言书，长征是宣传队，长征。
We answer that the Long March is the first of its kind in the annals of history, that it is a manifesto, a publicity team, a seeding-machine. （省名词）
2. 他连续讲了两小时的法语，没出现任何的错语。
He has been speaking in French for two hours without any mistakes. (省动词)
3. 学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。
Learning without thought is vain. Thought without learning is idle. (省连词)
4. 人渐渐静了下来。
Silence came over the crowds. (省副词)
5. 问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。
They enquired about the politics of the day, ignorant of the establishment of the Han Dynasty, and of course of the later dynasties that had succeeded it. (省助词)
6. 你将来一定得努力工作
Do work harder in the future. (省代名词)
7. 生活在四川的十几个民族，各有不同的文化和风俗，成为巴蜀歌舞取之不尽，用之不竭的创作源泉。
The Nationalities in Sichuan maintain different cultures and customs, which provide the inexhaustible source of folk songs and dances. (省意义复重的词语)
8. 她的朋友们听到她家中的困难情况后，都主动伸出援助之手。
After her friends heard about her family difficulties, they offered her a helping hand. (省范畴的词语)
9. 花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不完的大米白面，穿不的凌罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。
The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent. (省有修饰效果的词)

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