第六章 英汉转换译法
第一节 正面表达和反面表达的转换
这里所谓的正面表达和反面表达是指在英语中是否用no, not或者带有de-, dis-, im-, in-, un-, less-等前、后缀的词，在汉语中是否用“无，非，不，没，未，否”等表示否定意义的字，如果有就是反面表达，反之就是正面表达。
如：两个人谈话，其中一个说：
“I am not kidding.”这反面表达。（我不是在开玩笑。）
译成汉语从正面表达：
另一个说：
“I meant it, too.”为正面表达。（我也是认真的。）
译成汉语可以从反面表达：
正面表达与反面表达只是表达方式的不同，它们所传达的意思是相同的。因此，在通常情况下，正反表达法的互变只是一种权宜的变通手段。
例如：
incomplete
infrequent
illiterate
untouchable
exactly
fail
miss
dumb-bell
但在某些情况下，这种变通则是一种必需。
一、英语含蓄否定句汉译时从反面表达
All music is alike to me.
（一）动词或动词短语引起的含蓄否定句
1. I sort of house翻译hate to get personal, but you’re much older than Byron.
2. I hate to say good-bye.
3. Then, the source of energy will cease to be a reason for war.
4. My father will kill me when he finds out.
5. The specification lacks detail.
6. We must keep the proletarian state from ever changing colors.
（二）介词或连词引起的含蓄否定句
1. That lazy boy went to class before he had prepared his lesson.
2. Mr. Smith was above reproach.
3. Her beauty is beyond compare.
4. Instead of Mr. Black, Mr. White delivered a speech at the meeting.
当but, except, except for, barring, besides等词义相当于leaving out时，均宜译成反说式，以免引起词义含混。
（三）名词引起的含蓄否定句
1. A few instruments are in a state of neglect.
2. We cannot finish the work in the absence of these conditions.
3. She was at a loss what to do.
（四）形容词及其短语引起的含蓄否定句
1. I am far from considering it perfect.
2. The newspaper accounts are far from being true.
3. We must be free from arrogance and rashness and learn from people.
4. He is the last man I want to see.
5. Present supplies of food are short of requirements.
（五）too，but引起的含蓄否定句
too, but在一定的上下文中具有否定的含义，因此，含有这两个词的英语句子往往要译为汉语的否定句。
1. But for your efficiency, our timely communication should have been impossible.
2. He is too much of a coward to shoot.
3. His mother is anything but angry.
4. I’ll do anything but that.
5. I would go with you but that I am so busy.
6. He is anywhere to be found but in his office.
（六）有些肯定的比较句含有否定的意义，可译为汉语的否定句
1. You ought to know better than to do that sort of thing.
2. Your temper is more than I can bear.
3. There is more in it than you imagine.
4. The hero would rather die than surrender.
5. I, rather than you, should do the work.
6. I’ll buy it!
二、某些英语否定结构译时从正面表达
有些英语句子虽然是从反面表达的，但它们的意义却是肯定的，翻译时根据汉语的表达习惯从正面表达。
（一）形容词
1. I will never be so ungrateful as even to think he has done an act of injustice by me.
2. “It is well you wish this behind her back, else you would have but an unquiet house.” said Nerissa.
（二）名词
1. To say the truth, there is but on work in His whole creation that doth Him any dishonor, and with that I have long since avoided holding any conversations.
2. Mr. Square happened to be at church on the Sunday, when, the appearance of Molly in her sack had caused al that disturbance.
3. He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business.
（三）动词
1. He had not the least difficulty in discovering the true cause of his present behavior.
2. Some well-chosen present from the philosopher so softened and unguarded the girl’s heart.
3. As the door was fastened, which gave her an opportunity of conveying her lover behind that rug or blanket where he now was unhappily discovered.
（四）副词
1. On the contrary, had she been confined to the choice of one only, Tom Jones would undoubtedly have been of the two victorious persons.
2. Our other grandson looks unbelievable like Byron as an infant.
3. He stood for a while motionless, and seemed equally at a loss what to say or whither to direct his eyes.
4. Byron walked uncertainly to the cry girl.
（五）短语
英语中有些短语形式上是否定的，但表达的内容却是肯定的。如：not…until, never…without, no one but等，含有这些短语的句子，译成汉语时大多从正面表达：
1. They gave me the wrong book, and I didn’t notice it until I got back to my room.
2. Don’t drive back till these bastards quit, or you may get strafed.
3. No one but a great philosopher could solve such a question.
4. “How are you?” “I couldn’t feel better.”
5. The reader may suppose Mrs. Miller received this account with great thankfulness and no less pleasure.
（六）句子
1. There is no rule but has exceptions.
2. I never go past that school but think of my first teacher.
3. You can’t be too careful.
4. I’m not a little afraid of snakes.
三、双重否定结构的译法
（一）译为双重否定句
    使用双重否定句的目的是起强调作用，或使语气委婉。翻译时如果保留原文的“否定之否定”形式并不影响中文的流畅，则保留为好。这样可以突出原文的强调作用或委婉语气。
1. I cannot let your statement pass unquestioned.

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