Categories of figures of speech
Scholars of classical Western rhetoric have divided figures of speech into two main categories: schemes and tropes. Schemes (from the Greek schēma, form or shape) are figures of speech that change the ordinary or expected pattern of words. For example, the phrase, "John, my best friend" uses the scheme known as apposition. Tropes (from the Greek tropein, to turn) change the general meaning of words. An example of a trope is irony, which is the use of words to convey the opposite of their usual meaning ("For Brutus is an honorable man; / So are they all, all honorable men").
During the Renaissance, scholars meticulously enumerated and classified figures of speech. Henry Peacham, for example, in his The Garden of Eloquence(1577), enumerated 184 different figures of speech. Professor Robert DiYanni, in his book "Literature - Reading Fiction, Poetry, Drama and the Essay" [5]wrote: "Rhetoricians have catalogued more than 250 different figures of speech, expressions or ways of using words in a nonliteral sense.".
For simplicity, this article divides the figures between schemes and tropes, but does not furth
er sub-classify them (e.g., "Figures of Disorder"). Within each category, words are listed alphabetically. Most entries link to a page that provides greater detail and relevant examples, but a short definition is placed here for convenience. Some of those listed may be considered rhetorical devices, which are similar in many ways.
[edit]Schemes
Main article: Scheme (linguistics)
▪ accumulation: Summary of previous arguments in a forceful manner
▪ adnomination: Repetition of a word with a change in letter or sound
▪ alliteration: Series of words that begin with the same consonant or sound alike
▪ adynaton: hyperbole taken to such extreme lengths as to suggest a complete impossibility.
▪ anacoluthon: Change in the syntax within a sentence
▪ anadiplosis: Repetition of a word at the end of a clause at the beginning of another
▪ anaphora: Repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses
▪ anastrophe: Inversion of the usual word ordersort of link
▪ anticlimax: Arrangement of words in order of decreasing importance
▪ antimetabole: Repetition of words in successive clauses, in reverse order
▪ antistrophe: Repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses (see epistrophe)
▪ antithesis: Juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas
▪ aphorismus: Statement that calls into question the definition of a word
▪ aposiopesis: Breaking off or pausing speech for dramatic or emotional effect
▪ apostrophe: Directing the attention away from the audience and to a personified abstraction
▪ apposition: Placing of two elements side by side, in which the second defines the first
▪ assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds, most commonly within a short passage of verse
▪ asteismus: Facetious or mocking answer that plays on a word
▪ asyndeton: Omission of conjunctions between related clauses
▪ cacophony: Juxtaposition of words producing a harsh sound
▪ cataphora: Co-reference of one expression with another expression which follows it (example: If you need one, there's a towel in the top drawer.)
▪ classification (literature & grammar): Linking a proper noun and a common noun with an article
▪ chiasmus: Word order in one clause is inverted in the other (inverted parallelism).
▪ climax: Arrangement of words in order of increasing importance
▪ commoratio: Repetition of an idea, re-worded
▪ consonance: Repetition of consonant sounds, most commonly within a short passage of verse
▪ dystmesis: A synonym for tmesis
▪ ellipsis: Omission of words
▪ enallage: Substitution of forms that are grammatically different, but have the same meaning
▪ enjambment: Breaking of a syntactic unit (a phrase, clause, or sentence) by the end of a line or between two verses
▪ enthymeme: Informal method of presenting a syllogism
▪ epanalepsis: Repetition of the initial word or words of a clause or sentence at the end of the clause or sentence
▪ epistrophe: Repetition of the same word or group of words at the end of successive clauses. The counterpart of anaphora (also known as antistrophe)
▪ euphony: Opposite of cacophony - i.e. pleasant sounding
▪ hendiadys: Use of two nouns to express an idea when the normal structure would be a noun and a modifier
▪ hendiatris: Use of three nouns to express one idea
▪ homeoptoton: in a flexive language the use the first and last words of a sentence in the same forms

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