Signal Words *
1. Continuation Signals (Warning—there are more ideas to come.)
and  also  another
again  and finally  first of all
a final reason furthermore  in addition
last of all  likewise  more
moreover  next  one reason
other  secondly  similarly
too  with
2. Change-of-Direction Signals (Watch out—we’re doubling back.)
although  but  conversely
despite  different from  even though
however  in contrast  instead of
in spite of  nevertheless  otherwise
the opposite
on the contrary on the other hand
rather  still  yet
while  though
3. Sequence Signals (There is an order to these ideas.)
first, second, third
A, B, C
in the first place  for one thing
then    next
before    now
after    while
into (far into the night) until
last    during
since    always
sort of in order
o’clock  on time
later    earlier
4. Time Signals (When is it happening?)
when    immediately  now
lately    already  little by little
at the same time  final  after awhile
once    during
5. Illustration Signals (Here’s what that principle means in reality.)
for example  specifically
for instance  to illustrate
such as  much like
in the same way as  similar to
6. Emphasis Signals (This is important.)
a major development it all boils down to
a significant factor
most of all      a primary concern
most noteworthy      a key feature
more than anything else      a major event
of course      a vital force
pay particular attention to      a central issue  remember that
a distinctive quality  should be noted
above all  the most substantial issue
by the way  the main value
especially important
the basic concept
especially relevant  the crux of the matter
especially valuable  the chief outcome
important to note  the principle item
7. Cause, Condition, or Result Signals (Condition or modification is coming up.)
because  if  of
for  from  so
while  then  but
that  until  since
as  whether  in order that
so that  therefore  unless
yet  thus  due to
resulting from consequently  without
8. Spatial Signals (This answers the “where” question.)
between below  about  left  alongside
here  outside around close to far
right  over  away  side  near
near  in  into  beside
middle  next to beyond north
east  on  opposite over
south  there  inside  in front of
under  these  out  behind
across  this  adjacent above
toward west  by  upon
9. Comparison-Contrast Signals (We will now compare idea A with idea B.)
and  or  also
too  best  most
either  less  less than
more than  same  better
even  then  half
much as  like  analogous to
but  different from  still
yet  however  although
opposite  rather  while
though
10. Conclusion Signals (This ends the discussion and may have special importance.)
as a result  consequently  finally
from this we see in conclusion  in summary
hence  last of all  therefore
11. Fuzz Signals (Idea is not exact, or author is not positive and wishes to qualify a statement.)
almost  if  looks like
maybe  could  some
except  should  alleged
nearly  might  reputed
seems like  was reported  purported
sort of  probably
12. Nonword Emphasis Signals
exclamation point (!)
underline
italics
bold type
subheads, like The Conclusion
indentation of paragraph
graphic illustrations
numbered points (1, 2, 3)
very short sentence: Stop war.
“quotation marks”
* Fry, E. B., Kress, J. E., & Fountoukidis, D.L. (1993). The reading teacher’s book of lists, 3rd  edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp.185-187. By permission.
© 1993 by Prentice Hall

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