《英汉对⽐研究》第2章+聚集与流散
《英汉对⽐研究》第2章聚集与流散第⼆章聚集与流散(Compact vs(Diffusive)
英语句⼦有严谨的主谓结构。这个结构通常由名词性短语(NP)和动词性短语(VP)构成。主语不可或缺，谓语动词是句⼦的中⼼，两者协调⼀致(S,V concord)，提纲挈领，聚集各种关系⽹络(connective,nexus)。因此，英语句⼦主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后拥，严密规范，句式呈“聚集型”(compactness)。
英语的主语和谓语动词搭配，形成句⼦的核⼼(kernel)，谓语动词控制句⼦主要成分的格局。句⼦尽管错综复杂，千变万化，但根据谓语动词的类别和特征，都可以把英语的主谓结构归结为五种基本句型，即，SV，SVP，SVO，SVOO，SVOC: 基本句型(⼀)主语⼗动词
The telephone rang(电话铃响过了。
The meeting has begun(会议开始了。
基本句型(⼆)主语⼗动词⼗表语
We are students(我们是学⽣。
She appeared cheerful(她显得很⾼兴。
基本句型(三)主语⼗动词⼗宾语
Labor created man(劳动创造了⼈。
The news surprised me(这消息使我感到惊奇。
基本句型(四)主语⼗动词⼗间接宾语⼗直接宾语
She sang us a song(她给我们唱了⼀⾸歌。
I sent him a letter(我给他寄了⼀封信。
基本句型(五)主语⼗动词⼗宾语⼗宾语补⾜语
He painted the door green(他把门漆成绿⾊。
We elected him our monitor(我们选他当班长。
英语各种长短句⼦，⼀般都可以看作是这五种基本句型及其变式、扩展、组合、省略或倒装:
sort of造句1、基本句型的变式。上述五种基本句型都是陈述句、肯定句和主动句。由这些基本句型可以转换为以下⼏种主要的变式:
a)陈述句变疑问句。陈述句通过改变语序或使⽤助动词可以变为疑问句，如:
Has the meeting begun，会议开始了吗,
Did you sent him a letter，你给他寄信了吗,
b)肯定句变否定句。肯定句通过使⽤否定词、助动词可以变为否定句，如:
We are not students(我们不是学⽣。
The telephone did not ring(电话铃没有响。
c)主动句变被动句。基本句型(三)、(四)、(五)的⼤部分主动句通过使⽤助动词(和介词)、改变词序和动词的形态可以变为被动句，如:
The door was painted green(门已漆成绿⾊。
A letter was sent to him( 已经给他寄了⼀封信。
d)“There，be⼗主语”结构。这种表⽰“存在”的句型可以看作是基本句型
(⼀)的不同形式:
There was a meeting yesterday(昨天有⼀个会议。
There came a knock at the door(有敲门的声⾳。
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2(基本句型的扩展。上述五种基本句型及其变式，还可以通过以下⽅式加以扩展:
a)增加修饰语。修饰语主要是定语和状语，可以采⽤单词或词组，也可以采⽤从句，
如:
Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it
forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputers.
现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的体积⼤⼤缩⼩，从⽽产⽣了新⼀代
的袖珍式微型计算机。
When Chou En,lai’s door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so sinking that it bordered on the beautiful.
周思来的房门打开了。他们看到了⼀位⾝材修长的⼈，⽐普通⼈略⾼，⽬光炯炯，⾯貌
⼸队注⽬，称得上清秀。
b)扩展基本句型的成分。基本句型的成分是单词，若采⽤词组或从句，句型结构即得
以扩展:
The kaleidoscope of shifting interests of the nations during the negotiation made it impossible
to sort out the “winners” and “losers”.
谈判期间，各国的利益变化不断，好像万花筒似的，这就使⼈难以分辨出究竟谁是“胜
者”，谁是“输家”。
The structure of the steel and the resulting properties will depend
on how hot the street gets
and how quickly or slowly it is cooled.
钢的结构及其形成的性质，取决于加热的温度和冷却的速度。
3(基本句型的组合。基本句型及其变式、扩展，还可以通过并列连词或标点连
接起来，
组合成并列句或并列复合句:
A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth, but
the majority are so large
that hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare; here
and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millions of earth.
⼈们所知道的⼏千个星球并不⽐地球⼤多少，但绝⼤多数的星球却⼤得⾜以容
下成千
上万个地球还绰绰有余；我们到处都能遇见⼤得⾜以容纳千千万万个地球的巨星。
Our Charter, being a historical product, has its limitations, and although we have always
considered that strict respect for the principles it embodies is the key to considerable progress in
international coexistence, we now venture to suggest certain changes, which are technical rather
than political, to improve the machinery available to the Organization, since the lofty aims to
which we aspire will be the more readily attainable the better the machinery at our disposal.
我们的宪章，作为历史的产物，有其局限性。因此，尽管我们⼀向认为，严格地尊
重宪章所体现的原则是国际共处中取得可观进步的关键，我们仍然冒昧地建议作出某些变更
---技术性的⽽⾮政治性的变更---借以改善本组织现有的机构，因为我们所掌握的机构越完
善，我们所向往的崇⾼⽬标就越容易达到。
4、基本句型的省略。基本句型及其变式、扩展和组合，根据表达的需要，可以省略某
些成分或词语。⼀般说来，省略的部分可以复原，省略句仍然可以看作是基本句型的变体。
如:
l)To err is human，to forgive(is)divine(
⼈孰⽆过，恕过者神。
2)If one had but two heads and neither required sleep～(T(H(Huxley)
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(=It would be nice if one had but two heads and neither required sleep～)
⼈要是有两个脑袋，⽽且都不需要睡觉，那就好了。
3)Every language has its peculiarities; they are established by usage, and whether(they are) right or wrong, they must be complied with( 每种语⾔都有特点，这些特点是在习惯使⽤中形成的，不论正确与否，都得遵守。
4)A serious matter this for you and me((B. Shaw)
(= A serious matter is this for you and me(/This is a serious matter for you and me)
对你和我来说，这是件严重的事情。
5、基本句型的倒装。基本句型及其变式、扩展和组合，根据表达的需要，可
以调换其正常的语序。⼀般说来，调换的语序可以复原，倒装句也可以看作是基本句型的变体:
l)The greatest truths are the simplest, so are the greatest men(
最伟⼤的真理总是最朴素的，最伟⼤的⼈物也是最朴素的。
2)Neither could theory do without practice，
nor(could)practice(do)without theory(
理论离不开实践，实践也离不开理论。
3) Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron
before((S(Johnson)
这种待遇是我所未曾意料到的，因为过去我从未有过恩主。
4)Naked you want it, naked you’ll have it((I(F(Aldridge)
你要求把事实和盘托出，那就这样吧。
5) Deal with us nobly, women though we be((Mrs(Browning)
虽然我们是妇⼥，请以⾼尚的态度对待我们。
6) Never was night so still; never was a sky so deeply blue, nor stars so bright and serene(
夜从⽆如此沉寂，天从⽆如此深蓝，星亦从⽆如此明亮。
A(S(Hornby根据调语动词的类别及其与其他词语的搭配习惯，把英语⽤谓语动词造句的型式归纳为 2 5种;Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English则把动词句型归纳为6类。此外，名词、形容词、副词等的造句规则也有⼀定的型式。不管英语句型如何划分，⼀般都可从其结构形式出⼀定的规律，并在词典⾥加以编码，以供仿效。
英语注重句⼦结构完整，注重结构形式规范，句⼦尽管繁简交替、长短交错，但形式仍不致流散，其主要原因是英语有许多聚集句⼦的⼿段，如形态标志及连接词语使各种成分关系明确，“it”、“there”这类填补词(expletives)使句⼦结构完整，等等。
O(Jespersen 指出，“It became an invariable custom to have a subject before the verb, and therefore a sentence which did not contain a subject was felt to be incomplete. many of the rules concerning the use of
it are seen to be due on the one hand to the speaker’ s wish to conform to certain patterns of
sentence construction found in innumerable sentences with other subjects or objects, and on the
other hand to his wish to avoid clumsy combinations which might even sometimes lead to
misunderstandings.
英语句⼦复杂⽽不流散的另⼀重要原因是：句⼦成分之间或词语之间必须在⼈称、数、性和意义等⽅⾯保持协调⼀致的关系(concord或agreement)。这⼀原则包括以下三⽅⾯:
l(语法⼀致(grammatical concord)：即在语法形式上保持主语和谓语动词之间数与⼈称的⼀致(如动词单数第三⼈称加-s;-es)，主语和表语之间数的⼀致(如She is a student; They are students)，宾语和宾语补⾜语之间数的⼀致(如I found the boy a bright pupil; I found
the boys bright pupils)，⼈称代词、某些限定词和它们的照应对象之间的⼈称、数或性的⼀致(如The girl has seen her mother)，等等。
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2(意义⼀致(notional concord)：即在意义上保持⼀致，如主语形式为复数，但意义为单数，谓语动词依意义采取单数形式，反之亦然:
Two thousand dollars is more than he can afford.
两千元美⾦他可付不起。
My family are all fond of playing table tennis(
我全家都爱打乒乓球。
⾮限定动词作状语或定语，其逻辑主语或逻辑宾语必须与句⼦的主语或被修饰语保持协调⼀致:
l)Sent to zoos in Tokyo and other cities, the pandas are reported to have settled down very
well(
这些熊猫送到东京和其他城市的动物园以后，据说都适应得很好。
2)Mary felt sad not to have been invited to the banquet(
玛丽没有被邀请去参加宴会，⼼⾥很难受。
3(就近原则(Principle of proximity)：即谓语动词的⼈称和数往往和其最靠近的词语保持⼀致，如:
Either you or I am going. 要么你去，要么我去。
Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer(你和我，以及其他任何⼈，都不知道这个答案。
英语句⼦成分之间这种协调⼀致的原则，使句⼦结构受到形态的约束，因⽽句式严谨、规范、刻板，缺乏弹性。
相⽐之下，汉语的主谓结构要复杂得多。主语不仅形式多样，⽽且可有可⽆：它可表⽰施事、受事，也可表⽰时间、地点；可⽤名词、动词，也可⽤形容词、数量词；句⼦可以没有主语，也可以省略主语，还可以变换主语并予以隐含。试⽐较下列英汉句⼦的主语:
1) ⽂章翻译完了。(受事主语)
The article has been translated(
2)全市到处在兴建新⼯⼚。(地点主语)
New factories are being built all over the city(
3)现在正下着⽑⽑⾬。(时间主语)
It’ s drizzling at the moment(
4)累得我站不起来了。(⽆主句)
I’ m so exhausted that I can’ t stand up(
5)他有个⼥⼉，()在北京⼯作，()已经打电话去了，()听说明天就能回来。(变换
主语并予省略)
He has a daughter, who works in Beijing. Someone has phoned her and it is said that she
will be back tomorrow(
6)凤还欲问时，只听⼆门上传出云板，连叩四下，将风惊醒。(曹雪芹:《红楼梦》)
Before Xifeng could ask more she was woken with a start by four blows on the chimebar
at the second gate.
7)如今没奈何，把你雇在间壁⼈家放⽜，每⽉可以得他⼏钱银⼦，你⼜有现成饭吃，
只在明⽇就要去了。(吴敬梓:《儒林外史》)
There is no way out but to set you to work looking after our neighbor’s buffalo. You’ll
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make a little money every month, and you’11 get your meals there too. You are to start tomorrow.
汉语的谓语也复杂多样：它可以是动词、名词或形容词；可以是⼀个动词，也可以是多个动词，还可以没有动词；它可以是⼀个单词，也可以是多个词组。试⽐较下列英汉句⼦的谓语:
1) 天⾼云淡。(形容词作调语)
The sky is high and the clouds are pale(
2)他店铺去了。(连动式谓语)
He has gone abroad for further studies(
3)我介绍他加⼊协会。(兼语式调语)
I recommended him for membership of the association(
4)这项合同经理要签名。(主谓词组作谓语)
This contract should be signed bythe manager(
5)这姑娘长得漂亮，鹅蛋形脸，两眼⼜深⼜⿊，披着⼜长⼜密的头发。
She is a pretty girl with an oval face, deep dark eyes and long heavy clinging tresses(
6)许多房⼦，盖着琉璃⽡，曲曲折折，⽆数的朱红栏杆。(吴敬梓:《儒林外史》)
Many houses were roofed with glazed tiles and set within winding red balustrades(
7)他们这⼈，⼜想吃⼈，⼜是⿁⿁祟祟，想法⼦遮掩，不敢直捷下⼿，真要令我笑
死。(鲁迅:《狂⼈⽇记》)
All these people wanting to eat human flesh and at the same time stealthily trying to keep
up appearances, not daring to act promptly, really made me nearly die of laughter(

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