高三英语 语法知识:名词、代词和冠词 知识精讲
     
  1. 名词:表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。名词在句子中可以作主语,宾语,表语,宾语补足语,定语,名数词连用可以做状语。在使用名词时,要注意区分可数名词和不可数名词,以便于正确使用表示不确定数量的定语。
    如:a lot of / plenty of / some 可以修饰可数名词和不可数名词。
    而:many, a few, few several, scores of, large quantities of, dozens of, a couple of 等只能用在可数名词之前,much, a great deal of, a little, little, a great amount of 等只能用在不可数名词之前。
  2. 冠词:
    冠词是一种虚词,放在名词前面,帮助说明名词的意义。冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种。a (an)是不定冠词,an用在元音发音开始的词语前。如:an hour, an English book。the 是定冠词。
    1)不定冠词:
    不定冠词a (an)只能用在单数可数名词前。关于它的用法,用四个字概括,“每、一、类、某”。
    ①表示“每日”、“每周”……
    Please take this medicine three times a day.
    ②表示某一种人或物中的一个。
    All of us know that he is a teacher, not a student.
    ③表示某一类人或物。
    It is an easy task for an elephant.
    ④表示“某一个”,但仍译为“一个”、“有个”。
    One day, a Frenchman went to Berlin on business.
    2)定冠词的用法:
    ①特指某人或某物,指说话人与听话人都知道的人或物。
    Look at the picture. Is there a man in the picture?
    ②复指前面已提到的人或物。
    Here is a book. Please wrap the book with colorful paper.
    ③表示宇宙空间中独一无二的事物。
    The earth is bigger than the moon, but it’s smaller than the sun.
    ④表示种类,这时要放在单数可数名词之前。
sort of prison
    The whale is the largest animal in the world.
    另外,某些形容词或分词前加the可表示某一类人,如the rich, the poor, the wounded.
    ⑤用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。
    What time did the second class begin?
    ⑥用在江、河、湖、海峡等名词前和表示“东、南、西、北”的名词前。
    China is to the west of Japan.
    The Changjiang River is longer than the Yellow River.
    ⑦用在乐器之前。
    Can you play the violin? No, but I can play the piano.
    3)不用冠词的情况:
    ①四季、年、月、节、假日。
    There are fewer hours of sunlight in winter.
    It is Mother’s Day today.
    ②专有名词,抽象名词,物质名词前,一般不用冠词。
    Another kind of pollution is noise.
    It must be pleasant to go to Yunnan Province for sightseeing.
    Wood is lighter than water.
    ③固定搭配。
    by air /bus/ plane/ train/ road/ sea/ spaceship,on foot.
    after class /in class/ in space/ in bed/ in public
    at breakfast/ at work /on duty /in peace /in danger/in trouble/ in line /on holiday/ in place /on watch /in sight /in common /in surprise
    in need of /in praise of/ in place of
    out of breath /out of sight /out of work
    by accident /chance /mistake
    以及:
    have breakfast /have classes/ have lessons /take photos
    play football /basketball/ volleyball
    take care of /make fun of /make use of /catch sight of /make room of
    give advice /lose weight /make progress /do wrong
    sentence to death /get in touch with /put in prison
    4)要记住带有冠词的固定搭配。
    ①make a decision /make a record /make an effort /keep a record /pay a visit to /keep an eye on /have a talk with /play a part in /make an apology to
    ②as a result /in a word /in a hurry /after a while /in a low voice
    ③play the piano /make the bed /lay the table /get into the habit of
    ④in the hope of /at the age of /at the beginning of /at the foot of /by the side of /on the contrary /in the end /on the shore
    5)注意区分以下各组短语的意思。
    on the earth /on earth
    on the left /turn left
    take the place of /take place
    in the front of /in front of
    go to the school /go to school
  3. 代词:
    在学习代词时同学们务必要掌握正确的人称代词,物主代词及反身代词,这里不做详述。本次课主要要区分几个常用代词:it, one和that的用法。关系代词,连接代词和疑问代词会在今后的从句讲解中再叙述。
    1)it指前面提到的事物再次提起,它指代的是事物本身,如:There is a book on the table. Please bring it to me.
    2)that和one指代同一类型的事物,但that特指某一概念或内容,且后面常常跟有短语做定语。而one泛指同一类型的任意一个。
    The population of China is larger than that of India.
    本句中that指的是前文中the population这一概念,在句中可以被这个词代替。
    Mary has a blue bag and I have a red one.
    本句中one指的是与前文中bag一个类型的包,是泛指。
    比较下列句子,体会代词不同的作用。
    I heard you had many novels. Could you please lend me one?(任意一本书)
    Do you have “Gone with the wind”? I’d like to borrow it. (特指这一本书本身)
    在高考的单项选择题中经常会出现考察名词、代词和冠词的题。要想选出正确的答案就必须正确理解语境,要有一定分析句子语法结构的能力。另外,辨析名词的不同意义也是必要的。
    1. 名词:
    2003年北京卷:29题:
    —I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was tired.
    —There is no __________ for this while you are on duty.
    A. reason            B. excuse            C. cause            D. explanation
    看清题意后,我们知道,第一个说话人想为自己刚才出去抽烟的行为解释并致歉,第二人说值班时对于此类事件无借口可言。四个名词的含义分别为:“A. 原因、B. 借口、C. 起因、D. 解释”四个单词意思相近,但B最为贴切。
    1997年全国卷
    If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a ________.
    A. message            B. letter        C. sentence        D. notice
    题意为“假如碰巧有人来看我,请他们留言”。“留言”的固定词组为“leave a message”,与message搭配的词组还有“give a message, receive a message.”。其他答案:letter—信,sentence—句子,notice—通知,含义都不符合本题含义,因此选A。

版权声明:本站内容均来自互联网,仅供演示用,请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198,我们将在24小时内删除。