维特根斯坦：逻辑哲学论（英文）
Tractatus-Logico Philosophicus
By
Ludwig Wittgenstein
1 The world is all that is the case.
1.1 The world is the totality of facts, not of things.
1.11 The world is determined by the facts, and by their being all
the
facts.
1.12 For the totality of facts determines what is the case, and also
whatever is not the case.
1.13 The facts in logical space are the world.
1.2 The world divides into facts.
1.21 Each item can be the case or not the case while everything else
remains the same.
2 What is the case--a fact--is the existence of states of affairs.
2.0 [ there is no paragraph 2.0, but there is a 2.01 ] 2.01 A state of affairs (a state of things) is a combination of objects  (things).
2.011 It is essential to things that they should be possible
constituents of states of affairs.
2.012 In logic nothing is accidental: if a thing can occur in a
state
of affairs, the possibility of the state of affairs must be
written into the thing itself.
2.0121 It would seem to be a sort of accident, if it turned out that
a
situation would fit a thing that could already exist entirely on  its own.
If things can occur in states of affairs, this possibility must be  in them from the beginning.
(Nothing in the province of logic can be merely possible. Logic  deals with every possibility and all possibilities are its facts.)  Just as we are quite unable to imagine spatial objects outside
space or temporal objects outside time, so too there is no object  that we can imagine excluded from the possibility of combining
with others.
If I can imagine objects combined in states of affairs, I cannot  imagine them excluded from the possibility of such combinations.
2.0122 Things are independent in so far as they can occur in all possible
situations, but this form of independence is a form of connexion  with states of affairs, a form of dependence. (It is impossible
2
for words to appear in two different roles: by themselves, and in  propositions.)
2.0123 If I know an object I also know all its possible occurrences in
states of affairs.
(Every one of these possibilities must be part of the nature of  the object.)
A new possibility cannot be discovered later.
2.01231 If I am to know an object, though I need not know its external
properties, I must know all its internal properties.
2.0124 If all objects are given, then at the same time all possible
states of affairs are also given.
2.013 Each thing is, as it were, in a space of possible states of
affairs. This space I can imagine empty, but I cannot imagine the  thing without the space.
2.0131 A spatial object must be situated in infinite space. (A spatial
point is an argument-place.)
A speck in the visual field, thought it need not be red, must have
some colour: it is, so to speak, surrounded by colour-space.
Notes must have some pitch, objects of the sense of touch some
degree of hardness, and so on.
2.014 Objects contain the possibility of all situations.
2.0141 The possibility of its occurring in states of affairs is the form
of an object.
2.02 Objects are simple.
2.0201 Every statement about complexes can be resolved into a statement
about their constituents and into the propositions that describe  the complexes completely.
2.021 Objects make up the substance of the world. That is why they
cannot be composite.
2.0211 If the world had no substance, then whether a proposition had
sense would depend on whether another proposition was true.
2.0212 In that case we could not sketch any picture of the world (true or
false).
2.022 It is obvious that an imagined world, however difference it may be
from the real one, must have something-- a form--in common with
it.
2.023 Objects are just what constitute this unalterable form.
2.0231 The substance of the world can only determine a form, and not any
material properties. For it is only by means of propositions that  material properties are represented--only by the configuration of  objects that they are produced.
3
2.0232 In a manner of speaking, objects are colourless.
2.0233 If two objects have the same logical form, the only distinction
between them, apart from their external properties, is that they  are different.
2.02331 Either a thing has properties that nothing else has, in which case
we can immediately use a description to distinguish it from the  others and refer to it; or, on the other hand, there are several  things that have the whole set of their properties in common, in  which case it is quite impossible to indicate one of them.
For it there is nothing to distinguish a thing, I cannot
distinguish it, since otherwise it would be distinguished after  all.
2.024 The substance is what subsists independently of what is the case.
2.025 It is form and content.
2.0251 Space, time, colour (being coloured) are forms of objects.
2.026 There must be objects, if the world is to have unalterable form.
2.027 Objects, the unalterable, and the subsistent are one and the same.
2.0271 Objects are what is unalterable and subsistent; their
sort out the facts
configuration is what is changing and unstable.

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