英语任务型读写常用的概括性词汇及经典取代 
一、常用概括性词汇归纳：
原因和结果：reason (for) , result;  cause (of) , effect;  consequence   
异同点与优缺点：difference , similarity； advantage/benefit/strengths , disadvantage, /weaknesses/drawback/shortcomings
功能：function
数字/数据： data, figure, statistics
观点与态度：opinion , view (on/about) , viewpoint , idea ；attitude to/towards 
评论、评价：comment (on) , remark (on/upon) , assessment ,evaluation 
表方式、方法：means , way , method (of) ;  solution , approach ( to doing sth. );  take measures to do sth, solution, manner,
目的：purpose , aim , goal ,intention, target             
积极和消极：positive ,negative; optimistic
建议：advice [u] ,proposal, suggestion , tip       
概括、总结: summary , conclusion
特点：feature , characteristic, personality,         
种类：kind , type , category , class
精神上与身体上：mentally ，physically
影响 : influence , impact , effect (on )           
情形 ，状况 :  situation，condition, case   
建立：build , create , establish , found
出现：appear ,occur(red)               
实现，完成：reach , realize , accomplish
必要，必需 : must /necessity       
方面，项目条款：item / aspect
材料 : materials                 
知识消息：knowledge / information
日程计划 : schedule / agenda         
百分比：percentage
性别 :sex                         
年龄 :  age
满意:satisfaction                   
忧虑，担忧，焦急 : concern
(不)熟悉 :familiar /unfamiliar         
个人，个人的: individual,personal
细节 :description , detail             
文化 : culture
责任：(take) responsibility         
贡献 : (make) contributions to
成就achievement
重要 : value  importance  significance 
比较 :  contrast  comparison                 
时期 : period / time               
存在 :  existence  exist                       
花费 : cost / expense                     
人口 :  population
天气与气候 : weather[u] / climate [c]   
位置 place,situation,  location
种类type, kind/sort/species/variety/category
主题 : theme,topic,subject                   
背景 : setting，background
情节 : plot                   
高潮 : climax
结尾 :ending                           
反对者与支持者：supporter , opponent
定义：definition
介绍/导入： introduction
描述：description,Age,process,origin,history,development,sex,time,event,facts,
 
二、常用的经典替代
1.100 years = 1 century = 10 decades
2. two decades= 20 years
3. fortnight=two weeks
4. take advantage of = make use of
5. parental attention = with the help / aid / assistance of parents
6. oppose the move = be against the move = object to = disagree with
7. consider … = take … into consideration / account
8.. at the beginning = at first
9. be responsible for = take / shoulder / bear responsibility for
10. since the beginning of human evolution = throughout human history
11. in search of better job opportunities. =  seeking a better job.  / searching /looking /hunt for a better job.
12. housing-related reasons = reasons related / linked/relevant to  / connected with housing
13. take an active part in = take part in sth. actively
14. encourage participation in quiet activities = encourage children to participate in / take part in/ play a role in quite activities
15. be hooked on headphones = be addicted to headphones
16.valuable information = information of great value
17.understand clearly = have a clear understanding of sth.
18.affect = have an effect / influence / impact on sth.
19.matter = count = be very important = be of importance = make sense = make a difference
20.be over = end = put …to an end= come to an end
21.despite = in spite of
22. share less than 2% = account for less than 2%= make up
23.online = on the Internet
24.learn good citizenship = learn to be good citizens
25.list the things that you are good at = list what / all you are good at
26.explain sth. = make an explanation
27.enjoy sth = get pleasure from; take pleasure in
28. besides = on top of = in addition to = apart from = as well as
sort out the facts29. be better than = be superior to
30. approve of = subscribe to = be in favor / support of = favor sth. 
31.have access to = be acceptable / accessible / available to
32.stop = quit = give up
33pensate for = make up for
34.in part = partly
35.every year = yearly = annually = on a yearly basis
36.use up = run out of (主动)
37.run out = give out = be used up (被动)
38.be accused of = be charged with
39.most of the people = the majority of the people
40.cater to /for one’s needs / demands /requirements = satisfy / meet one’s ….

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