Lesson 1
Student Handout
Reference Answers to Exercises
Exercise 1: Which of the two italicized expressions do you think is more appropriate in academic writing?
1.The government has made considerable/great progress in solving the problem.
2.We got/obtained excellent results in the experiment.
3.  A loss of jobs is one of the c onsequences/things that will happen if the process is
automated.
4.The results of lots of/numerous tests have been pretty good/encouraging.
5.The relationship between the management and workers is extremely/really
important.
6.Some suggestions springing up from/arising from the study will be presented.
7.Crash test dummies are really important for/an integral part of automotive crash
tests.
8.According to a recent s tudy just about/nearly25% of all cell phone users view text
messaging as an important source of entertainment.
Exercise 2: Underline the phrasal verbs in the sentences and replace them with a more appropriate verb from the list below. Change forms where necessary. fluctuate investigate eliminate raise reduce propose
intervene determine
1.Researchers have been looking into the problem for 15 years. _
investigateing__
2.This issue was brought up during the seminar. _________raised_________
3.It is assumed that the management knows what is happening and will therefore
step in if there is a problem. _______intervene_______用sort out
4.Schools cannot altogether get rid of the problem of truancy. ___eliminate_____
5.The number of staff has been cut down recently. _______reduced________
6.It was very difficult to find out exactly what happened.
_____determine____________
7.House prices have a tendency to go up and down. __________fluctuate_______
8.  A potential solution was put forward two years ago.
_______proposed__________
Exercise 3: Replace the following phrasal verbs with a more formal single
word.
1. The locals could not p ut up with the visitors from the city.
________tolerate_______
2. The decline was b rought about by cheap imports. ________caused_______
3. The university is thinking about recruiting more students.
_______considering_______
4. Sales are likely to d rop off in the third quarter. ______decline_____
5. The meeting was p ut off until December. ________postponed______
6. Given our fast-paced society, people must routinely put creative solutions to unexpected
problems into practice. ____________implement________
7. Some people have cut down on their consumption of beef. _______reduced______
8. The cinema was pulled down ten years ago. __________demolished___________ Exercise 4: Use a more formal word or phrase to replace the italicized word.
1.The reaction of the officials was s ort of negative. _____rather/quite/to an
extent____
2.The economic outlook is nice. _____optimistic/promising________
3.The new method we have adopted seems
good.____satisfactory/effective/efficient___
4.She was g iven the sack because of her poor record. __be fired/dismissed/laid
off___
5.The competition we are facing has gotten more intense. ______intensified____
6.Many urban areas do not have enough land to build new public schools.
___lack___
7.Allergic reactions to local dental anesthesia do not happen very often. ____rarely
occur/happen__
8.The doors on these ferries were made biggerto make it easier to load vehicles.
_enlarged; to facilitate loading_________
Exercise 5: Let’s suppose you want to follow the considerations we have talked about. What problems may the following sentences have? How would you revise them?
1.You can use this model to optimize the water supply.
second person
This model can be used to optimize the water supply. / The water supply can be optimized using this model.
2.So, why did the bridge collapse? There’re a lot of reasons.
informal; contraction
The bridge collapsed for many reasons. / Many reasons account for the bridge collapse.
3.In addition to herbs, animal products are employed in some forms of traditional
medicine frequently.
Mid-place of the adverb: frequently
Some forms of traditional medicine frequently employ both herbs and animal products. / In addition to herbs, animal products are frequently employed
4.So far there hasn’t been much research on how conflict influences the level of
trust and respect in a group.
informal; contraction; negative form
To date, no comprehensive study has examined how conflict influences trust and respect in a group. / To date, little research has examined how conflict influences trust and respect in a group
5.There are several studies in epidemiology that have shown that when people
consume alcohol in moderate amounts they have a lower risk of developing heart disease in comparis
on to those people who drink a lot of alcohol.
wordy
Some studies in epidemiology have concluded that moderate alcohol consumption results in a lower risk of heart disease. / Some studies in epidemiology have shown that moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of heart disease.

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