1. Computer Organization
    A computer is a programming, electronic device that accepts input, performs operations or processing on the data, and outputs and stores the results. Because it is programmable, the instructions—called the program—tell the computer what to do. The relationships between these four main computer operations (input, processing, output, and storage) are shown in Figure 1-1.
1. 计算机的组成
  计算机是一种可编程的电子设备，它接收输入、完成对数据的运算或处理，并输出和存储结果。因为它是可编程的，这些被称为程序的指令告诉计算机去做什么。计算机的这4种主要操作（输入、处理、输出和存储）之间的关系如图1-1所示。
 
The corresponding devices to perform these tasks are input devices, processing devices, output devices, and storage devices.
（1）Input Devices
  An input device is any piece of equipment that supplies materials (input) to the computer. The most common input devices are the keyboard and mouse (see Figure 1-2). Other possibilities include image and bar-code scanners, joysticks, touch screens, digital cameras, electronic pens, fingerprint readers, and microphones. Input devices for a stereo system might be a CD player and antenna.
完成这些任务的相应设备是输入设备、处理器、输出设备和存储器。
（1）输入设备
  输入设备是任一种给计算机提供资料的设备。最常用的输入设备是键盘和鼠标，如图1-2所示。其他的有图像和条形码扫描器、操作杆、触摸屏、数码相机、电子笔、指纹阅读器和麦克风等。立体系统的输入设备是CD播放器和天线。
（2）Processing Unit
tablet和laptop的区别  The heart of any computer system is the central processing unit (CPU), located inside the computer’s main box or system unit.
  A processor is composed of two functional units—a control unit and an arithmetic/logic unit—and a set of special workspaces called registers. 
  Figure 1-3 depicts its structure, in which the Internal CPU Interconnection provides communication among the Control Unit, ALU, and Registers.
（2）处理器
  任何计算机系统的核心都是中央处理器（CPU），放在计算机主机箱或系统单元中。
  处理器由两个功能部件（控制部件和算术逻辑部件）与一组称为寄存器的特殊工作区组成。
  图1-3 描述了处理器的结构，其中，CPU的内部互连机构提供了控制部件、算术逻辑部件和寄存器之间的通信。
The control unit is the functional unit that is responsible for supervising the operation of the entire computer system.
  The control unit fetches instructions from memory and determines their types or decodes them. It then breaks each instruction into a series of simple small steps or actions. By doing this, it controls the step-by-step operation of the entire computer system
控制部件是负责监控整个计算机系统操作的功能部件。
  控制部件从存储器中取出指令，并确定这些指令的类型或对其进行译码。然后将每条指令都分解成一系列简单的小步骤或动作。这样，它就控制了整个计算机系统的步进操作。
The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is the functional unit that provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities. Data are brought into the ALU by the control unit, and the ALU performs whatever arithmetic or logic operations are required to help carry out the instruction [1].
算术逻辑部件（ALU）是为计算机提供逻辑及计算功能的部件。控制部件将数据送入算术逻
辑部件，然后由算术逻辑部件完成指令所要求的某些算术或逻辑运算。
A register is a storage location inside the processor. Registers in the control unit are used to keep track of the overall status of the program that is running. Control unit registers store information such as the current instruction, the location of the next instruction to be executed, and the operands of the instruction [2]. In the ALU, registers store data items that are added, subtracted, multiplied, divided, and compared. Other registers store the results of arithmetic and logic operations.
寄存器是处理器内的存储单元。控制部件中的寄存器用来跟踪正在运行的程序的总体状态。控制器寄存器存储诸如当前指令、下一条将要执行的指令地址以及该指令的操作数等信息。在算术逻辑部件中，寄存器存放要进行加、减、乘、除以及要比较的数据项。而其他寄存器则存放算术和逻辑运算的结果。
（3）Output Devices
Like input units, output devices are instruments of interpretation and communication betwe
en humans and computer systems of all sizes. These devices take output results from the CPU in machine-coded form and convert them into a form that can be used (a) by people (e.g. a printed and/or displayed report) or (b) as machine input in another processing cycle [3].　
（3）输出设备
  与输入设备类似，输出设备也是人与各类计算机系统之间进行解释和通信的设备。输出设备从CPU中取出机器代码形式的输出结果，然后将其转换成人们可读的形式（例如打印或显示报告）或另一处理周期的机器输入代码。
In personal computer systems, display screen and desktop printers are popular output devices. Larger and faster printers, many online workstations, and magnetic tape drives are commonly found in larger systems.
  （4）Storage Devices
  Storage is a computer section used primarily for storing information such as instructions, p
rograms and data.
在个人计算机系统中，常用的输出设备是显示器和台式打印机。比较大型的计算机系统通常要配备更大、更快的打印机、多台在线工作站和磁带机等。
  （4）存储设备
  存储设备是计算机的一部分，主要是用于存储诸如指令、程序和数据信息的。
There are two types in storage devices, one is the memory (sometimes called as primary storage), another is the secondary storage. Primary storage is located within the system unit that houses the CPU and other components [4]. Secondary storages include the storage media and drives, We will describe them in section 1-4 of this textbook.
　存储器有两种类型，一是内存储器（有时称作主存储器），另一种是二级存储器。主存储器置于系统单元内，那里还有CPU和其他部件。二级存储器包括存储介质和驱动器，我们将在本书1.4节中叙述。
　An arbitrary desktop computer (not necessarily a PC) is shown in Figure 1-4. It has a large main memory to hold the operating system, applications and data, and an interface to mass storage devices(disks and DVD/CD-ROMs). It has a variety of I/O devices for user input (keyboard, mouse, and audio), user output (display interface and audio), and connectivity (networking and peripherals). The fast processor requires a system manager to monitor its core temperature and supply voltages ,and to generate a system reset.

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