帕金森相关英文词汇小结
Chapter 56 Parkinson’s Disease
帕金森

1. Parkinson’s disease (PD)
帕金森
2. Highly characteristic neuropathologic findings
有高度特异性的神经病理学特征
3. Clinical presentation
临床表现
4. Motor deficits
运动障碍
5. Mental deterioration
精神状态恶化
6. hallmark features
特征
7. substantia nigra pars compacta
黑质致密部(Substantia=物质；nigra=黑； pars compacta=密部, SNc)
8. Loss of neurons
神经元缺失
9. Presence of Lewy bodies
出现路易小体
（神经细胞内蛋白非正常聚集，H&E染嗜酸性，特征高密度圆心，周围伴放射性纤维（约10nm））
图片来源wikipedia
10. a positive correlation between the degree of nigrostriatal dopamine loss and severity of motor symptoms
黑质纹状体多巴胺减少与运动症状的严重程度呈正相关
11.PD is relatively asymptomatic until profound depletion (70–80%) of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons has occurred
初始无症状，直至黑质纹状体神经元大量减少（超过70-80%）才会出现症状
12. dopamine-1 and dopamine-2 receptors
多巴胺-1和多巴胺-2受体
13. Reduced activation
激活降低
14. greater inhibition of the thalamus
丘脑抑制增加
图片来源：ws-medical/health/What-does-the-Thalamus-do.aspx
15. Clinical improvement may be more tied to restoring activity at the dopamine-2 receptor than at the dopamine-1 receptor.
与多巴胺-1受体相比，临床疗效与多巴胺-2受体活性恢复有关
16. Loss of presynaptic nigrostriatal dopamine neurons results in inhibition of thalamic activity and reduced activation of the motor cortex.
突触前黑质纹状体多巴胺神经元的缺失造成丘脑活性抑制，从而造成运动皮层激活降低
17. PD develops insidiously and progresses slowly
PD发病缓慢，不易察觉
18. Initial symptoms may be sensory
首发症状以感觉神经系统为主
19. Classic primary features
典型症状
20. Resting tremor
静止性震颤（主动肌与拮抗肌交替收缩引起的节律性震颤，即病人在安静状态或全身肌肉放松时出现，表现更明显）
21. Sole presenting complaint
患者唯一的主诉/症状
22. bradykinesia
运动迟缓（brady-缓；kinesia-运动）
23. Postural instability that may lead to falls
姿态不稳，常导致摔倒（无法保持平衡）
24. However, only two thirds of PD patients have tremor on diagnosis, and some never dev
elop this sign
但是，仅有2/3的帕金森患者诊断时出现震颤，有些患者可能一直未出现这个症状
25. Tremor is present most commonly in the hands, often begins unilaterally, and sometimes has a characteristic “pill-rolling” quality
震颤通常发生在手，首发于单侧，具有“搓丸样”特点（拇指与盘曲的食指）
26. Resting tremor is usually abolished by volitional movement and is absent during sleep
静止性震颤通常因自主运动而终止，并且睡眠情况下并不出现
27. Muscular rigidity
肌肉僵直
28. Increased muscular resistance to passive range of motion
肌肉对关节被动活动度抵抗增加
（注：①Range of motion (ROM) refers to the extent a joint can be moved. 活动度：关节活动范围；②Active range of motion is when patients move their limbs by themselves without assistance.自主活动范围；③Passive range of motion is when a patient’s limb movement or exercise is done for them.被动活动范围）
29. Cogwheel
木齿轮
30. Upper and lower extremities
上下肢
31. Facial muscles
面部肌肉
32.Intellectual deterioration is not inevitable
智力恶化并不是必然的
33. Some patients deteriorate in a manner indistinguishable from Alzheimer’s disease
某些患者智力恶化的模式与阿尔兹海默症类似
34. Limb muscle rigidity
四肢肌肉僵直
35. Resting tremor (at 3–6 Hz and abolished by movement)
静止性震颤（3-6赫兹，自主运动时可终止震颤）
（注：国际单位制中频率的单位，它是每秒中的周期性变动重复次数的计量）
37. Prominent asymmetry
呈现明显的不对称性
38. Asymmetric onset
症状起始呈不对称性
39. A positive response to dopaminergic medication
多巴胺药物有效
40. Decreased manual dexterity
手操作灵活度下降
41. Difficulty arising from a seated position
从坐位到站位困难
42. Diminished arm swing during ambulation
行走时手臂不再摆动
43. Dysarthria (slurred speech)
构音障碍（口齿不清）
44. Dysphagia (difficulty with swallowing)
吞咽困难
45. Festinating gait (tendency to pass from a walking to a running pace)
慌张步态（采用小跑而非步行的方式行走）
（注：慌张步态：起步后小步快速往前，脚掌不离地，擦地而行，且身体向前倾，有一种要扑倒在地的趋势）
46. Flexed posture (axial, upper/lower extremities)
弯曲姿态（轴向，上下肢）
47. “freezing” at initiation of movement
动作起始缓慢
48. Hypomimia (reduced facial animation)
表情缺乏
49. Hypophonia (reduced voice volume)
发声减弱
50. Micrographia (diminution of handwritten letters/ symbols)
写字过小
51. Autonomic and sensory symptoms
自主神经和感觉症状
52. Bladder and anal sphincter disturbances
膀胱及肛门括约肌功能障碍
53. Constipation
便秘
54. Diaphoresis
发汗
55. Olfactory disturbance
嗅觉障碍
56. Orthostatic blood pressure changes
体位性血压改变
57. Paresthesia
感觉异常
58. Paroxysmal vascular flushing
阵发性潮红
59. Seborrhea
皮脂溢
60. Sexual dysfunction
性功能障碍
61. sialorrhea (drooling)
流涎（流口水）
62. Apathy
冷淡
63. Bradyphrenia (slowness of thought processes)
思想迟钝
64. Confusional state
精神混乱状态，意识模糊状态
65. Dementia
痴呆
66. Htablet英文allucinosis/psychosis (typically drug induced)

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