英语动名词的结构和形式
摘要
动名词是英语中的一种非谓语动词形式,它由动词加-ing构成,既保留了动词的一些特征,又具有名词的功能。本文主要介绍了动名词的四种形式(一般式、完成式、被动式和完成被动式),以及它们在句子中的作用(主语、表语、宾语、定语等)。本文还比较了动名词与不定式和现在分词的异同,并举例说明了一些常见的动名词用法和搭配。
一、动名词的形式
1. 动名词的构成
动名词的基本形式是由动词原形加-ing构成,如:
动词原形动名词
go going
do doing
ask asking
read reading
在构成动名词时,有些动词需要遵循一些拼写规则,如:
如果动词以不发音的e结尾,去掉e再加-ing,如:
动词原形动名词
come coming
live living
dance dancing
make making
如果动词是单音节闭音节,或者是以重读闭音节结尾的多音节词,而且末尾只有一个辅音字母,那么要双写这个辅音字母再加-ing,如:
动词原形动名词
sit sitting
run running
stop stopping
begin beginning
如果动词以-ie结尾,要把ie变为y再加-ing,如:
动词原形动名词
die dying
tie tying
lie lying
如果动词以-c结尾,要把-c变为-ck再加-ing,如:
动词原形动名词
picnic picnicking
traffic trafficking
2. 动名词的时态和语态
动名词有四种时态和语态的变化形式,分别是:
一般式:表示一般或现在的动作,如:doing
完成式:表示在谓语动作之前已经完成的动作,由having + 过去分词构成,如:having done
被动式:表示被动的动作,由being + 过去分词构成,如:being done
完成被动式:表示在谓语动作之前已经完成的被动动作,由having been + 过去分词构成,如:having been done
例如:
He admitted having made a mistake.(他承认犯了一个错误。)
She enjoys being praised by others.(她喜欢被别人赞扬。)
He regretted not having been invited to the party.(他后悔没有被邀请参加聚会。)
3. 动名词的否定形式
动名词的否定形式是在动名词前加not,表示否定或不做某事,如:
He suggested not going there by bus.(他建议不要坐公共汽车去那里。)
She is afraid of not passing the exam.(她害怕考试不及格。)
He apologized for not having informed me earlier.(他为没有及时通知我而道歉。)
二、动名词的功能
动名词是动词的名词化形式,因此它既有动词的特征,又有名词的功能。动名词在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等成分。
1. 动名词作主语
动名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式,表示一种习惯、爱好、状态或抽象的概念,如:
Reading is an art.(读书是一种艺术。)
Smoking is harmful to your health.(吸烟有害健康。)
Swimming is a good sport in summer.(游泳是夏天的一项好运动。)
动名词作主语时,也可以用it作形式主语,把动名词放在句尾,如:
It is no use crying over spilled milk.(覆水难收。)
It is a waste of time quarreling with each other.(互相争吵是浪费时间。)
动名词作主语时,还可以用there be结构,如:
There is no saying when he will come back.(很难说他什么时候回来。)
There is no denying that he is a genius.(不可否认他是个天才。)
2. 动名词作表语
动名词作表语时,表示主语的性质、特征或状态,如:
His hobby is collecting stamps.(他的爱好是集邮。)
The real problem is getting to know the needs of the market.(真正的问题是了解市场的需求。)
3. 动名词作宾语
动名词作宾语时,通常跟在某些及物动词或介词后面,表示一种具体或抽象的行为,如:
I like swimming.(我喜欢游泳。)
He insisted on going there by himself.(他坚持要自己去那里。)
有些及物动词既可以跟不定式作宾语,也可以跟动名词作宾语,但意义有所不同,如:
He stopped smoking.(他戒烟了。)
He stopped to smoke.(他停下来抽烟。)
有些及物动词既可以跟不定式作宾语,也可以跟动名词作宾语,但意义没有明显区别,如:
I love to read books.(我喜欢读书。)
I love reading books.(我喜欢读书。)
有些及物动词只能跟不定式作宾语,不能跟动名词作宾语,如:
He agreed to help me.(他同意帮助我。)
*He agreed helping me.
有些及物动词只能跟动名词作宾语,不能跟不定式作宾语,如:
He suggested going to the cinema.(他建议去看电影。)
*He suggested to go to the cinema.
有些及物动词可以跟复合结构的动名词作宾语,表示动名词的逻辑主语,如:
He doesn't mind my borrowing his bike.(他不介意我借他的自行车。)
I appreciate your helping me with my homework.(我感谢你帮我做作业。)
4. 动名词作定语
动词作定语时,一般放在被修饰的名词前面,表示被修饰的名词的用途或目的,相当于一个定语从句或一个介词短语,如:
a swimming pool(一个游泳池,相当于a pool for swimming)
a reading room(一个阅览室,相当于a room for reading)
a sleeping bag(一个睡袋,相当于a bag for sleeping)
动名词作定语时,也可以用of短语来表示所属关系,如:它由( )构成
the difficulty of learning a foreign language(学习外语的困难)
the pleasure of reading a good book(读一本好书的乐趣)
三、动名词与不定式和现在分词的比较
动名词、不定式和现在分词都是非谓语动词形式,它们之间有一些相似和不同的地方。
1. 动名词与不定式
动名词和不定式都可以作主语、表语、宾语等成分,但它们有以下区别:
动名词表示一种具体或抽象的行为,强调动作本身;不定式表示一种目的或意愿,强调动作的结果或可能性。
动名词表示一种已经发生或正在发生的事实;不定式表示一种尚未发生或将要发生的事情。
动名词表示一种习惯、爱好、状态或抽象的概念;不定式表示一种计划、打算、建议或命令。
动名词通常用于主动语态和进行时态;不定式通常用于被动语态和完成时态。
例如:
He likes playing chess.(他喜欢下棋。)(表示一种爱好)
He likes to play chess with me.(他喜欢和我下棋。)(表示一种意愿)
He remembered locking the door.(他记得锁了门。)(表示已经发生的事实)
He remembered to lock the door.(他记得要锁门。)(表示尚未发生的事情)
He stopped smoking.(他戒烟了。)(表示停止了一个动作)
He stopped to smoke.(他停下来抽烟。)(表示停下来做另一个动作)
2. 动名词与现在分词
动名词和现在分词都是由动词加-ing构成,但它们有以下区别:
动名词是动词的名词化形式,具有名词的功能;现在分词是动词的形容化形式,具有形容词的功能。
动名词表示一种持续或反复的行为,强调动作本身;现在分词表示一种正在进行或暂时的行为,强调动作的状态或结果。
动名词可以单独使用,也可以带有自己的逻辑主语;现在分词不能单独使用,必须与句子的主语保持一致。
例如:
Seeing is believing.(眼见为实。)(动名词作主语)
The boy sitting next to me is my brother.(坐在我旁边的男孩是我弟弟。)(现在分词作定语)
He is good at singing.(他擅长唱歌。)(动名词作宾语)
He is singing in the shower.(他正在淋浴时唱歌。)(现在分词作谓语)
I don't mind your coming late.(我不介意你来晚了。)(动名词带有逻辑主语)
He came running to me.(他跑着来到我身边。)(现在分词与句子主语一致)
四、动名词的常见用法和搭配
动名词有一些特殊的用法和搭配,需要注意区分和掌握,如:
用于某些固定短语中,如:be busy doing, be worth doing, have fun doing, have trouble doing, look forward to doing, be used to doing, get used to doing等。
用于某些介词后面,如:after, before, by, for, in, on, without等。
用于某些形容词后面,如:afraid of, good at, interested in, keen on, tired of等。
用于某些名词后面,如:chance of, difficulty of, excuse for, hope of, method of, pleasure of等。
用于某些动词后面,如:admit, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, quit, risk, suggest等。
例如:
He is busy preparing for the exam.(他忙着准备考试。)
This book is worth reading.(这本书值得一读。)
They had fun playing games.(他们玩游戏很开心。)
He had trouble finding a job.(他工作很困难。)
I look forward to hearing from you.(我期待收到你的回信。)
He is used to getting up early.(他习惯早起。)
He got used to living alone.(他适应了独自生活。)
After finishing his homework, he went out for a walk.(做完作业后,他出去散步了。)
Before leaving the house, he checked everything carefully.(在离开房子之前,他仔细检查了一切。)
By working hard, he achieved his goal.(通过努力工作,他实现了自己的目标。)
He thanked me for helping him.(他感谢我帮助他。)
He is interested in learning English.(他对学英语感兴趣。)
She is good at playing the piano.(她擅长弹钢琴。)
He is afraid of making mistakes.(他害怕犯错误。)
She is tired of waiting for him.(她厌倦了等他。)
He has no hope of passing the exam.(他没有通过考试的希望。)
She has a method of solving the problem.(她有一种解决问题的方法。)He gave me an excuse for being late.(他给我一个迟到的借口。)
She felt a pleasure of seeing him again.(她感到再次见到他的快乐。)He admitted breaking the window.(他承认打碎了窗户。)
She avoided meeting him.(她避免见到他。)
He considered changing his job.(他考虑换工作。)
She delayed answering my question.(她拖延回答我的问题。)
He enjoyed listening to music.(他喜欢听音乐。)
She imagined living in a big house.(她想象住在一所大房子里。)

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