（一）
The tradition of birthday parties started a long time ago。 There are some traditions that you can find almost anywhere, anytime, such as sending birthday cards, blowing out the candles on a birthday cake and singing the ‘Happy Birthday’ song。 3 Others are only found for certain ages and in certain countries.
In China, on a child’s second birthday, family members put many things on the floor around the child。 According to Chinese tradition, the first thing that the child picks up tells you what profession the child will choose later in life.
For Japanese children， the third， fifth and seventh birthdays are especially important. At this age， there is a special celebration Shichi—Go—San (seven, five， three in Japanese) when children go to the temple wearing a new kimono (和服). The priest （僧侣） gives them special sweets， and the parents usually organize a party for their friends in their home。
In Argentina, Mexico and several other Latin American countries， girls have a special birthd
ay celebration when they reach the age of fifteen。 After a special ceremony （仪式), the girls dance a waltz with their father and other boys.
Eighteen is the traditional “coming of age"- the age when （in many countries) you have the right to vote (选举), join the army and （in Britain） drink alcohol or buy a house.
4 In many English—speaking countries， a twenty—first birthday cake often has a key on top， or the cake itself is sometimes in the shape of a key. The key means that the young person is now old enough to leave and enter the family home at any time they want to！
(一）根据短问内容简要回答问题。
1。 Who usually organizes a party at children’s special birthday celebration in Japan？                                       
2。 When do you have the right to vote in many countries？                                           
（二）将短文中划线的句子译成汉语。
3.                                   4。                                    
(三)请给短文拟一个适当的题目。5.                                              
（二)
People believe that climbing can do good to health. Where can you learn the skill of
climbing then？If you think that you have to go to the mountains to learn how to climb，you're wrong. Many Americans are learning to climb in city gyms. Here，people are learning on special climbing walls. The climbing wall goes straight up and has small holding places for
hands and feet。
How do people climb the wall?To climb, you need special shoes and a harness(保护带） around your chest to hold you。 There are ropes(绳索) tied to your harness. The ropes hold you in place so that you don't fall. A beginner’s wall is usually about 15 feet high，and
you climb straight up. 3There are small pieces of metal that stick out for you to stand on and hold on to. Sometimes it’s easy to see the new piece of metal。 Sometimes, it’s not。 The most difficult part is to control your fear。 It’s normal for humans to be afraid of falling, so it's difficult not to feel fear。 But when you move away from the wall，the harness and the ropes hold you,and you begin to feel safe。 You move slowly until you reach the top。
4 Climbing attracts people because it's good exercise for almost everyone. You use your whole body， especially your arms and legs. This sport gives your body a complete workout. When you climb, both your mind and your body can become stronger.
（一）根据短问内容简要回答问题。
1. Where are many Americans learning to climbspecial怎么读?                    　
2。 How can ropes help people in climbing?                      　
(二）将短文中划线的句子译成汉语。
3.                                       4。                                                                        
(三）请给短文拟一个适当的题目。5。                                              
（三)
One cool April 22 morning, people started the day as usual. Yet it was not a normal day. What's so special about April 22? The answer is simple. It is Earth Day。 People all over the world celebrate this important day. The idea of having a special day to celebrate Earth Day began in the 1960s. Life was very different then。 3 Few people talked or even thought about the environment. Most people had no idea how dirty our air and water were。
On April 22, 1970, twenty million Americans joined the first Earth Day activities。 They showed that people really did want to do something about the environment。 Since then laws have been passed to protect the air， water， land, and animals。
4 The vehicles such as cars and buses you ride in must pass tests to make sure they don’t cause too much pollution。 Thanks to this law， cars today release （排放) about half as
many bad chemicals as cars did back in 1970. As a result， the air we breathe is cleaner than it once was.
In 2007， people in China paid much attention to a big problem. People were throwing away 27 million plastic bags a day！ People had “Bye—Bye Throwaway Culture Week.” They wanted everyone to see how polluted it was to throw away so many plastic bags. In 2008, China passed new laws against them。 Our job is to put this knowledge to work。 You can help keep our planet healthy too！

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