英语句子成分及句子结构
英语句子基本构成成分:
主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如I ,we, he, she,  they ),数词动词不定式动名词等。最常用的便是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式。主语一般在句首。
(1)名词作主语
English is very important. 英语是很重要的。
The students all love their English teacher. ‘
这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。
(2)代词作主语
They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。
(3)动名词作主语
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.
看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。
It’s no use regretting it. 后悔是无用的。
(4)动词不定式(短语)作主语
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
It is necessary to master a foreign language.
掌握一门外语是很必要的
谓语:谓语由动词构成,谓语时态、语态的变化都体现在动词的变化上,一般在主语之后。
1及物动词作谓语
We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。
All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
2不及物动词作谓语
You’re driving too fast. 你开车开得太快了。
The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室,手里拿着书。
3)连系动词作谓语
He looks worried.他看起来很担心。
The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。
(4) 复合谓语:
由情态动词加动词原形构成。如:
You may keep the book for two weeks.         
由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如:
Do you speak English
  They are working in a field.
He has caught a bad cold.
注意:谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。
宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语成分一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格 如:me, us, him her ,them
I like Chinese food. 我喜欢中国菜。
I saw him yesterday. (代词)昨天我看到他了。
I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你谈话很高兴。
He wanted to have a cup of tea. (不定式短语)他想要一杯茶。
We hoped that you would stay for a few days.
我们希望你能多待几天的。
直接宾语和间接宾语——有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫作间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。合称双宾。例如:
He gave  me    some ink . 他给了我一些墨水。
间接宾语  直接宾语
Our teacher told  us  an interesting story. 老师给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。
间接宾语  直接宾语
表语:与连系动词连用,构成系表结构,说明主语的身份或特征,一般由形容词、名词、动名词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如:
The flower is beautiful.
They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。
Her father is sixty-five. 她父亲65岁。
The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。
All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport.
你只需从机场打个的即可。
My favourite sport is swimming我最喜爱的运动是游泳。
定语:定语为句子的次要成分,起修饰限制名词或代词的作用,可分为前置定语后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语) 或句子充当。
如:1) His father is a doctor. 他父亲是一名医生。(代词)
2) Mr. Green has two sons. 格林先生有两个儿子。(数词)
3) The girl under the tree is Kate. 在树下的那个女孩是凯特。(介词短语)
4) I bought a new dictionary. 我买了本新字典。
5)This is a green cup.这是一个绿的杯子。(形容词)
6)The people here are very friendly.(副词)这里的人们非常友好。
7) Would you like something to drink? 你想要些喝的东西吗?(不定式)
8) A barking dog seldom bites. 吠狗很少咬人。(V-ing
    9) The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted. (过去分词)
送往委员会的建议被采纳了。
10) Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green? (定从)
你认识站在格林先生旁边的那个人吗?
状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明时间、地点、方式、原因、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;地点状语一般须在
时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词助动词情态动词之后,动词之前。
(1) 时间状语
I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. 我常常在早上5:30起床。
Hearing the news, they felt very excited.
听到这个消息,他们感到很兴奋。
Jim went to Shanghai yesterday.  ( 时间状语,句末 )
(2) 地点状语
Pandas only live in China. 熊猫仅生活在中国。
I met him in the street. ( 地点状语)
(3) 程度状语
He is quite young. (修饰adj.,放在adj.前)
(4) 目的状语
We’ll go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday.
这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。
He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper.
他从口袋里掏出一些零钱来买报纸。
She got up early so that she could catch the first bus.
她早早地起床,以便能够赶上这辆早班车。
(5) 方式状语
We usually go to school on foot. 我们通常步行去上学。
Please do it as I told you. 请按我告诉你的去做。
(6) 让步状语
Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy.
虽然她很有钱,而她并不幸福。
No matter what happens, I will never lose heart.
无论发生什么,我将决不失去信心。
(7) 条件状语
If you don’t work hard, you’ll fall behind the others.
假如你不努力学习,你将落后于别人。
Given more attention, the flowers would have grown better.
如果给予更多的关心的话,这些花将长得更好。
(8) 原因状语
We didn’t go to the park because of the bad weather. 
由于天气不好,我们没有去公园。
Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school.
由于病了,他没有去上学。
(9) 结果状语
picnic是什么意思
The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.
风是如此地猛烈,以致于我们寸步难行。
He left early, so that he caught the train.
他早早地离去,(结果) 因此赶上了火车。
(10) 伴随状语
The doctor hurried off, with a medicine box under his arm.
这位医生匆匆离去,胳膊下夹着一个药箱子。
The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of his students. 老师进到教室里来,后面跟着一学生。
补语补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。
1)We  call  her  Xiao Li. (名词)
      宾语 宾语补足语
2)You  must keep  the room  clean and tidy. (形容词)
            宾语      宾语补足语
3)John  asked  me  to help him with his Chinese. (动词不定式)
        宾语    宾语补足语

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