动词的分类及用法
英语词汇网 作者: JOJO 查看: 3574
一、什么是动词
动词是用来表示主语做什么(即行为动词),或表示主语是什么或怎么样(即状态动词)的词,例如:
The boy runs fast.(这个男孩跑得快。)runs表示主语的行为
He is a boy.(他是个男孩。)is与后面的表语a boy表示主语的状态

二、动词的分类
动词可以按照含义及它们在句中的作用分成四类,即行为动词(也称实义动词)、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。
(一)行为动词
行为动词(实义动词)是表示行为、动作或状态的词。它的词义完整,可以单独作谓语。例如:
I live in Beijing with my mother.(我和我妈妈住在北京。)live,住
It has a round face.(它有一张圆脸。)has,有
(二)连系动词
连系动词是表示主语是什么怎么样的词,它虽有词义,但不完整,所以不能单独作谓语,必须跟表语一起构成合成谓语,例如:
We are in Grade Two this year.(今年我们在两年级。)are,是
are 这个词的词义在句子中常常不译出。
连系动词可具体分为三类:
1、表示的动词be。这个词在不同的主语后面和不同的时态中有不同的形式,isamarewaswerehave/has been等要特别予以注意。例如:
He is a teacher.(他是个教师。)
He was a soldier two years ago.(两年前他是个士兵。)
We are Chinese.(我们是中国人。)
2、表示感觉的词,如look(看起来),feel(觉得,摸起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来)等,例如:
She looked tired.(她看一去很疲劳。)
I feel ill.(我觉得不舒服。)
Cotton feels soft.(棉花摸起来很软。)
The story sounds interesting.(这个故事听起来很有趣。)
The flowers smell sweet.(这些花闻起来很香。)
The mixture tasted horrible.(这药水太难喝了。)
3、表示变成的意思的词,如become, get, grow, turn, 都解释为变得,例如:
She became a college student.(她成了一名大学生。)
He feels sick. His face turns white.(他感到不舒服,他的脸变苍白了。)
The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.(春天来了,天气变得暖和些了,白天也变得较长些了。)
He grew old.(他老了。)
[难点解释]
注意区别以下一些动词的用法,它们既可以作为行为动词,又可以作为连系动词。
1look看;看起来
He is looking at the picture.(他正在看这图片。)行为动词
It looks beautiful.(它看上去很美丽。)连系动词
2fell摸;感觉
1I felt someone touch my arm.(我感到有人碰我的手臂。)行为动词
Are you felling better today than before?(你今天比以前感到好些了吗?)连系动词
3smell嗅;闻起来
My little brother likes to smell the apple before he eats it.(我的小弟弟喜欢在吃苹果前闻一闻。)行为动词
Great! The flowers smell nice.(这些花闻起来多香啊!)连系动词
4sound弄响,发音;听起来
The letter “h” in hour is not sounded.(在hour这个词中字母h是不发音的。)行为动词
The gun sounded much closer.(声听起来更近了。)连系动词
5taste辨味;尝起来
Please taste the soup.(请尝一口汤。)行为动词
The soup tastes terrible.(这汤尝起来味道太差了。)连系动词
6get得到,获得;变
There are some bananas on the table. Each of you can get one.(桌上有些香蕉,你们每个人可以拿一个。)行为动词
7grow生长,种植;变
Do you grow rice in your country?(你们的国家种水稻吗?)行为动词
It’s too late. It’s growing dark.(太迟了,天渐渐变暗了。)连系动词
8turn转动,翻动,使变得;变
The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)行为动词
When spring comes, the trees turn green and the flowers come out.(春天来了,树叶变经绿了,花儿开了。)连系动词
上述句子中的动词如growgetturn等,既可以作连系动词,又可以作行为动词。如何来辨别它们呢?有一个最简便的方法,即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词,句子仍然成立就是连系动词;反之,不能替换的,就是行为动词。例如:
The trees turn/are green when spring comes.(春天来临,树叶变绿。)
The earth rurns around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)
这第二句句子中的turn是行为动词,意为转动。无法以is替换。
(三)助动词
这类词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能与主要动词一起构成谓语,表示不同的时态、语态、表示句子的否定和疑问,例如:
He does not speak English well.(他英语讲得不好。)
句中的does是助动词,既表示一般现在时,又与not一起构成否定形式。
A dog is running after a cat.(一条狗正在追逐一只猫。)
句中的is 是助动词,和run的现在分词一起构成现在进行时。
Did he have any milk and bread for his breakfast ?(他早餐喝牛奶、吃面包吗?)
句中的did是助动词,既表示一般过去时,又和动词have一起构成疑问。
(四)情态动词
这类词本身虽有意义,但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态,如可能应当等。这类动词有can, may, must, need, dare, could, might等。它们不能单独作谓语,必须与行为动词(原形)一起作谓语,表示完整的意思,例如:
I can dance.(我会跳舞。)can, ,
He can’t walk because he is a baby.(因为他是个婴儿,不会走路。)can’t, 不必
May I come in?(我可以进来吗?)may, 可以

第二节 及物动词与不及物动词
行为动词(即实义动词)按其是否需要宾语,可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。

一、及物动词
后面必须跟宾语,意思才完整,例如:
Give me some ink, please.(请给我一些墨水。)
If you have any questions, you can raise your hands.(如果你们有问题,你们可以举手,。)

二、不及物动词
后面不能跟宾语,意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词,构成短语动词,相当
于一个及物动词。例如:
He works hard.(他工作努力。)
Jack jruns faster than Mike.(杰克跑步比迈克要快些。)
Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.(请看黑板,听我说。)
He got and “A” this time because he went over his lessons carefully.(这次他得了个“A”,因为他仔细地复习了功课。)
[难点解释]
1、许多动词可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词,他阅读中必须仔细体会和区别,例如:
Who is going to speak at the meeting?(谁打算在会上发言?)speak, 不及物动词
Few people outside China speak Chinese.(在中国外很少人讲汉语。)speak,及物动词
2、要特别注意有些动词英汉之间的差异。某些词在英语中是不及物的,而在汉语中却是及物的。有时则相反。例如:
He is waiting for you.(他在等你。)
英语wait为不及物动词,汉语为及物动词。
Serve the people.(为人民服务。)
英语serve为及物动词,汉语服务为不及物动词。
                        Exercise  1
指出下列各句中划线部分是什么动词,并说明词义,例如:
All of us study hard.vi. 学习)
1He began to work at seven this morning.   
2I have left the key at home.   
3We must take the old woman to the hospital at once.   
4Billy felt very sad when he heard the bad news.   
5Think it over, and you will have a good idea.   
6Don’t think of yourselfthink of others.   
7We are college students now, but we were at the factory two years ago.   
8Mr. Black got angry when he saw Jenny come to school late again.   
9Please wash your hands before each meal.   
10Li Ming often works for the wall-newspaper after school.   
                          Exercise  2
区别下列多组句子中的动作,指出下列划线动词是连系动词还是行为动词,并写出词义:
1She looks well.   
  She tried to look at the blackboard but waw nothing.   
2The students felt unhappy.   
  I felt someone touch my back.   
3It was snowing hard when he got to the city.   
  It’s too late. It’s getting darker and darker.   
4The teacher asked the student to turn it over.   
  The leaves of the trees turn green when sping comes.   
5The young trees grow fast.   
  It began to grow dark.   
6The bell sounded at 12 o’clock for lunch.   
  The music sounds nice.   

第三节  持续动词与瞬间动词
英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分,使用中应注意两者的区别。

一、持续性动词
表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean, slean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep等。

二、瞬间性动词
表示一个动作发生在一瞬间,非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。常见的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等。
以上已集中了初中教材的大部分持续性动词及瞬间性动词。

三、用法
1、以上两类动词都能用于现在完成时,表示动作到现在为止已结束,例如:
He has studied English for three years.(他学英语已有3年了。)
He has joined the Party.(他已入党了。)
Mum isn’t at home. She has gone to the library.(妈妈不在家,她去图书馆了。)
2、持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,而瞬间性动词则不能。例如:
His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.(他的父母跟老师谈了半个小时。)
My mother has lain in bde for 3 days.(我母亲生病卧床已经三天了。)
My parents have lived in Shanghai since 1950.(我父母亲从1950年起就住在上海了。)3、瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,通常有两种方法:
  1)用意思相当的持续性动词来替换,例如:
He has been in the army/a soldier for htree years.(他参军已有3年了。)不能用has joined
She has been up for quite some time.(她起床已有好久了。)不能用has got up
Has your brother been away from home for a long time?(你哥哥离家已有好久了吗?)不
能用has left
常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下:
1go——be away          2come——be here
3come back——be back    4leave——be awaybe not here
5spring out 是什么意思buy——have            6borrow——keep
7die——be dead          8begin——be on
9finish——be over      10open——be open
11close——be closed    12lose——be lost
13get to know——know  14turn on——be on
15get up——be up        16sit down——sit/be seated
17join——be in)或be a…member
18become——be
  2)用it is…since…结构来替换瞬间动词,例如:
电影已经开映5分钟了。(两种方法)
The film has been on for five minutes.
It’s five minutes since the film began.
他离开上海已有3天了。(两种方法)
He has been away from Shanghai for three days.
It is three days since he left Shanghai.
这本书我还给图书馆已有两周了。(一种方法)
It’s two weeks since I returned the book to the library.
他到他妹妹已有多久了?(一种方法)
How long is it since be found his sister?
4、瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,例如:
I haven’t seen you for a long time.(好久没见到你了。)
 [补充说明]
1、本书基本上已把初中课本中的持续动词与瞬间性动词罗列出来,可供教师参考使用。
2、关于持续性动词与瞬间性动词的用法,可以结合现在完成时的教学一起进行。
                      Exercise  3
一、选择正确的答案:
1Alice has (come, been) back for a week.
2His grandmother has (been dead, died) for ten years.
3When we got to the cinema, the film had (begun, been on) for a few minutes.
4The lights have (turned on, been on) for over half a day.
5Have you (bought, had) the book on grammar for a week? Yes, since last Sunday.
二、用sincefor翻译下列句子:
1、这本书我已借了两周了。
2、她离开这儿有5分钟了吗?
3、我弟弟入团已有半年多了。
4Joan来到我校已有两个月了。
5、他们相识有很长一段时间了。

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