【STAAD】GS. Load Types in STAAD.Pro
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Several load cases may be created for a structure and each load case may contain several individual load specifications. Load cases may also be created by combining several existing load cases. A load case consisting of explicitly defined loads is called a Primary Load Case. A load case which combines the results of previously defined cases is called a Combination Load Case.
可以为一个结构创建多个荷载工况，每个荷载工况可能包含多个单独的荷载规范。荷载工况也可以通过组合几个现有荷载工况来创建。由显式定义的荷载组成的荷载工况称为主荷载工况。将先前定义的情况的结果组合在一起的荷载工况称为组合荷载工况。
Tip: Here, we wish to introduce you to some of the load terminology and types used in STAAD.Pro. These concepts are critical in understanding how to correctly model loads on a structure.
在这里我们要介绍的一些术语和类型STAAD. 这些概念对于理解如何正确地模拟结构上的荷载至关重要。
Primary Load Cases
A primary load case is a set of explicitly defined loads, presumably from the same physical source, which will be passed to the analysis engine during the analysis of the model. Each of these explicitly defined loads is referred to as a Load Item.
大型模型可以包含多个荷载工况，这些工况本身不需要进行分析，只是包含在主要荷载工况中的构件。为此，可定义参考荷载。这类似于Repeat Load命令，但它的另一个好处是不能自行解决。
在这里我们要介绍的一些术语和类型STAAD. 这些概念对于理解如何正确地模拟结构上的荷载至关重要。
In the STAAD input file, a primary load case is indicated by the LOAD n command.
主要负载情况是一组显式定义的负载，可能来自同一物理源，在模型分析期间将传递给分析引擎。这些显式定义的每个负载都称为加载项。
Refer to TR.32 Loading Specifications for details.
详见TR.32装载规范。
Some examples of where a primary load case would be used are:
使用主要荷载工况的一些示例如下：
∙ All dead load on a structure. 结构上的所有恒载。
∙ The reducible live load on an office building. 办公楼的可减少活荷载。
∙ The easterly wind load. 风荷载。
∙ The dead and live composite load on a pedestrian bridge. 人行天桥上的静荷载和活荷载。
∙ The superimposed dead load on a post-tensioned floor. 后张楼板上的叠加恒载。
Load Combinations荷载组合
A load combination is a set of load results which are combined algebraically to produce a
superimposed set of results for post-processing. Therefore, a load combination instructs the program to take the results of previously solved primary load cases, factor them appropriately, and combine the values using Algebraic, SRSS or Absolute methods.
荷载组合是一组荷载结果，这些荷载结果通过代数组合产生一组叠加的结果，用于后处理。因此，负载组合指示程序获取先前解决的主要负载情况的结果，对其进行适当的因子分析，并使用代数、SRSS或绝对方法组合这些值。
In the STAAD input file, a load combination is indicated by the LOAD COMBINATION n command.、
在STAAD输入文件中，加载组合由load combination n命令指示。
Refer to TR.35 Load Combination Specification for details.
详见TR.35荷载组合规范。
Reference Loads
Large models can include multiple load cases which do not require analysis in their own right and are simply the building blocks for inclusion in primary load cases. Reference Loads may be defined for this purpose. This is similar to a Repeat Load command, but has the added benefit of not being solved in its own right.
大型模型可以包含多个荷载工况，这些工况本身不需要进行分析，只是包含在主要荷载工况中的构件。为此，可定义参考荷载。这类似于Repeat Load命令，但它的另一个好处是不能自行解决。
This converts a real load case to something similar to a load case definition. A reference load case is solved only when it is later called in a load case. The benefit is that it enables you to define as many load cases as you wish, but instruct the program to actually solve only a limited number of "real" load cases, thus limiting the amount of results to be examined. 
这会将实际负载情况转换为与负载状况定义类似的内容。仅当参考荷载工况稍后在荷载工况中被调用时，才对其进行求解。这样做的好处是，它允许您定义任意多个负载情况，但
指示程序实际只解决有限数量的“实际”负载情况，从而限制了要检查的结果的数量。
Refer to TR.33 Reference Load Cases - Application for details.
详见TR.33参考荷载工况-应用。
Notional Loads
名义荷载
A number of design codes require that a notional load be considered. Typically, this is defined lateral load equal to a percentage of the gravity loads. STAAD.Pro uses a feature similar to a the Repeat Load, but one that Primary and /or Reference load cases can be selected and a percentage of them can be applied in the appropriate global direction at each framing level.
许多设计规范要求考虑名义荷载。通常，这是指横向荷载等于重力荷载的百分比。STAAD使用类似于重复荷载的功能，但可以选择主荷载工况和/或参考荷载工况，并且可以在每个框架标高的适当全局方向上应用这些荷载工况的百分比。
These lateral loads are a requirement for some design codes (e.g., AISC 360-10).
一些设计规范（如AISC 360-10）要求这些侧向荷载。
Refer to TR.32.14 Notional Loads for details.
详见TR.32.14名义荷载。
Load Lists
A load list is primarily used to specify a list of existing load cases and load combinations to be used for subsequent processes, such as design, printing, etc.
荷载列表主要用于指定现有荷载工况和荷载组合的列表，这些荷载组合将用于后续流程，如设计、打印等。
Refer to TR.39 Load List Specification for details.
详见TR.39负荷清单规范。
Load Envelopes
装入信封
Load Envelopes are a means for clustering a set of load cases under a single moniker (number). If one or more tasks have to be performed for a set of load cases (such as, serviceability checks under steel design for one set of load cases, strength checks under steel design for another set of cases, etc.) this feature is convenient.
负载封套是一种将一组负载情况聚集在一个名字对象（number）下的方法。如果必须对一组载荷工况执行一个或多个任务（例如，一组载荷工况下的钢结构设计下的可用性检查，另一组工况下的钢结构设计下的强度校核等），则此功能非常方便。

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