计量统计软件FRONTIER 4.1下载与帮助说明
[文件英文部分为程序作者的说明，但有些操作方面没有具体详述，方括号中为注释内容，具体的程序调试成功，结果也可行]
FRONTIER Version 4.1
********************
A STOCHASTIIC FRONTIER ANALYSIS PROGRAM
[即sfa分析模型，计量统计软件]
by
Tim Coelli[作者信息，遇到具体的问题可与之联系]
Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis
School of Economics
University of Queensland
Brisbane, QLD 4072
Australia.
email: Web: www.uq.edu.au/economics/cepa/
[本软件实际下载地址：www.uq.edu.au/economics/cepa/frontier.htm ,如无法下载请留言索取]

GETTING STARTED:[即将文件复制到文件夹中或由压缩包解压到自己的文件夹中，不用详看]
1. Open the WINDOWS EXPLORER program on your PC.
2. Create a new folder on your hard drive, for example called FRONTIER, by
using the File/New/Folder option.
3. Copy ALL the files associated with FRONTIER into this folder, using
the File/Copy option or by "drag-and-drop".
4. If the files are stored in a FRONT41.ZIP file, you will then need
to unzip (extract) the files by double-clicking on the zip file and
extracting the contents of the zip file into the FRONTIER folder.

FILES USED BY FRONTIER[数据文件的使用方法]
FRONTIER uses three text files when it conducts an analysis. These are:
- a data file (eg. ) [等处理“数据文件”]
- an instruction file (eg. )[“指令文件”]
- an output file (eg. )[“输出文件”]
All of these files are text files. They can be edited using many programs.
For example, NOTEPAD, WORDPAD, WORD, WORD PERFECT, etc.
We suggest you use WORDPAD to view and edit these files.
[数据文件都是用“记事本”格式，方便编辑]
HOW TO RUN THE PROGRAM [具体程序运行步骤]
To practice running FRONTIER double-click on the FRONT41.EXE file name.
[双击FRONT41.EXE直接运行，但建议在DOS界面运行便于查看结果(不然后面会一闪界面就没了)，具体当面说明]
[注意一定要包含此四个文件：,front41.FOR,front41.000,F77L3.EER]
The program will then ask for an instruction file name. Type in

(and hit the RETURN key). FRONTIER will only take a few seconds to complete
this small example. To look at the output file () you then
simply double-click on file name.
[根据提示，输入指示文件名，并回车。运行此范例后，可以双击查看结果]
[具体为：开始时出现如下提示：]
Do you wish to type instructions at the terminal (t)
or use an instruction file (f) ?
[即询问是手动输入命令（即一些输入参数）还是用一个指令文件（应事先把参数都写好放在指令文件中）]
[建议把“数据文件”放在同一目录后，写好参数到一个“指令文件”也放在同目录下]
[选择后者，即输入f,然后再输入指令文件名，回车即可打开“输出文件”查看结果]
[后面讲述一些应用技巧，粗略了解一下即可]
FILE NAMES IN DOS [在DOS界面的文件名规范，即命令操作注意事项，基本简短即可]
FRONTIER is a DOS computer program. In DOS all file names must satisfy certain
restrictions:
- no more than 12 characters
- no more than 3 characters after the period (".")
- no more than 8 characters before the period
That is, the largest possible file name has the form:
XXXXXXXX.XXX
Since we use text files, the file name will always have "txt" after the
period. That is:

[后缀用txt，便于双击直接查看]
CREATING A NEW INSTRUCTION FILE [指令文件的建立]
The easiest way to create a new instruction/command file is to open
an existing instruction file (eg. ) using WORDPAD and then save
it under a new name (eg. ). This is done by using the File/SaveAs
options in WORDPAD. Then you can edit the contents of this new file to suit
your new analysis.

CREATING DATA FILES USING EXCEL[用excel建立数据文件]
Many people store their data in Excel files. To construct a text file from
an Excel file, open the file in Excel and then use the File/SaveAs option in
Excel and save it as a text file. However, be sure to remove any column names
first - the data file should only contain numbers.
[即打开原excel文件后，另存为“文本文档”类型的文件即可]


MANUAL[指导手册]
Coelli, T. (1996) 'A Guide to FRONTIER Version 4.1: A Computer
Program for Stochastic Frontier Production and Cost Function
Estimation', CEPA Working Paper 96/08, University of New England.
A COPY OF THIS GUIDE IS PROVIDED IN THE FILE: FRONT41.PDF.
For additional information on these methods see Chapters 8 and 9 in Coelli,
Rao and Battese (1998), An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.

LIABILITY [权责说明]
Every effort has been made to ensure that this software is free of errors.
However, the software is supplied without any warranty as to the
performance or fitness of the program for any particular purpose. All
risk relating to the results and performance of this program is assumed by
the user. CEPA shall not be liable for any damages resulting from the
use of this product.
＝＝＝另附我整理的PDF中部分帮助文档解释，所述的特定文件名有所不同，彩部分暂时无法显示＝＝＝＝＝
。。。略。。。
3.1 Files Needed[文件要求，这个在说明文档里有]
The execution of FRONTIER Version 4.1 on an IBM PC generally involves five files:
1) The executable file FRONT41.EXE
2) The start-up file FRONT41.000
3) A data file (for example, called TEST.DTA)
4) An instruction file (for example, called TEST.INS)
5) An output file (for example, called TEST.OUT).
The start-up file, FRONT41.000, contains values for a number of key variables such as the
convergence criterion, printing flags and so on. This text file may be edited if the user wishes to alter any values. This file is discussed further in Appendix A. The data and instruction files must be created by the user prior to execution. The output file is created by FRONTIER during execution. Examples of a data, instruction and output files are listed in Section 4.
The program requires that the data be listed in an text file and is quite particular about the format.[程序的格式要求] The data must be listed by observation. There must be 3+k[+p] columns[列] presented in the following order:
1) Firm number (an integer in the range 1 to N)
2) Period number (an integer in the range 1 to T)
3) Yittruncated zip file怎么解决
4) x1it
:
3+k) xkit
[3+k+1) z1it
:

3+k+p) zpit].
The z entries are listed in square brackets[方括号中的z] to indicate that they are not always needed. They are only used when Model 2 is being estimated. The observations can be listed in any order but the columns must be in the stated order[行间可换，列序要一致]. There must be at least one observation on each of the N firms and there must be at least one observation in time period 1 and in time period T. If you are using a single cross-section of data, then column 2 (the time period column) should contain the value “1” throughout.[单个cross-section数据，第二列都置1，如例中所示] Note that the data must be suitably transformed if a functional form other than a linear function is required[要把原始数据转换成本程序规范的函数形式]. The Cobb-Douglas and Translog functional forms are the most often used functional forms in stochastic frontier analyses. Examples involving these two forms will be provided in Section 4.[例子中用到了两个常用的形式]
The program can receive instructions either from a file or from a terminal. After typing “FRONT41” to begin execution, the user is asked whether instructions will come from a file
or the terminal. The structure of the instruction file is listed in the next section. If the interactive (terminal) option is selected, questions will be asked in the same order as they appear in the instruction file. [程序提供了两种指令输入形式]：即询问是手动输入命令（即一些输入参数）还是用一个指令文件（应事先把参数都写好放在指令文件中）]
。。。。。。。
4. A FEW SHORT EXAMPLES[这里开始举例说明]
The best way to describe how to use the program is to provide some examples. In this section we shall consider the estimation of:
1) A Cobb-Douglas production frontier using cross-sectional data and assuming a half-normal distribution.
2) A Translog production frontier using cross-sectional data and assuming a truncated normal distribution.
3) A Cobb-Douglas cost frontier using cross-sectional data and assuming a half-normal distribution.
4) The Battese and Coelli (1992) specification (Model 1).
5) The Battese and Coelli (1995) specification (Model 2).
To keep the examples brief, we shall assume two production inputs in all cases. In the cross-sectional examples we shall have 60 firms, while in the panel data examples 15 firms and 4 time periods will be used.[以两个不同公司数的数据为例]

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