Flora of China 17: 300–332. 1994.
SOLANACEAE
茄科qie ke
truncate读Zhang Zhi-yun, Lu An-ming; William G. D'Arcy
Herbs, shrubs, small trees, or climbers. Stems sometimes prickly, rarely thorny; hairs simple, branched, or stellate, sometimes glandular. Leaves alternate, solitary or paired, simple or pinnately compound, without stipules; leaf blade entire, dentate, lobed, or divided. Inflorescences terminal, overtopped by continuing axes, appearing axillary, extra-axillary, or leaf opposed, often apparently umbellate, racemose, paniculate, clustered, or solitary flowers, rarely true cymes, sometimes bracteate. Flowers mostly bisexual, usually regular, 5-merous, rarely 4- or 6–9-merous. Calyx mostly lobed. Petals united. Stamens as many as corolla lobes and alternate with them, inserted within corolla, all alike or 1 or more reduced; anthers dehiscing longitudinally or by apical pores. Ovary 2–5-locular; placentation mostly axile; ovules usually numerous. Style 1. Fruiting calyx often becoming enlarged, mostly persistent. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds with copious endosperm; embryo mostly curved.
About 95 genera with 2300 species: best represented in western tropical America, widespread in temperate and tropical regions;
20 genera (ten introduced) and 101 species in China.
Some species of Solanaceae are known in China only by plants cultivated in ornamental or specialty gardens: Atropa belladonna Linnaeus, Cyphomandra betacea (Cavanilles) Sendtner, Brugmansia suaveolens (Willdenow) Berchtold & Presl, Nicotiana alata Link & Otto, and Solanum jasminoides Paxton.
Kuang Ko-zen & Lu An-ming, eds. 1978. Solanaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(1): 1–175.
1a. Flowers in several- to many-flowered inflorescences; peduncle mostly present and evident.
2a. Fruit enclosed in fruiting calyx.
3a. Plants copiously spiny; leaves much divided or lobed ..........................................................................................13.Solanum 3b. Plants unarmed; leaves entire.
4a. Flowers in congested axillary clusters; disc conspicuous, red-orange; fruit a berry ...................................10.Withania 4b. Flowers in racemes, spikes, or panicles, sometimes umbellate; disc not evident; fruit a capsule.
5a. Corolla zygomorphic, 2-lipped; fruiting calyx lobes mucronate, with strong marginal veins .............6.Hyoscyamus 5b. Corolla actinomorphic; fruiting calyx lobes lacking mucros and strong marginal veins ..................7.Physochlaina 2b. Fruit exposed, exceeding fruiting calyx.
6a. Corolla tube much longer than lobes and limb; seeds not compressed, usually ovoid to ellipsoid; calyx not or hardly becoming enlarged.
7a. Fruit a few-seeded berry; flowers regular; plants puberulent or glabrescent; calyx less than 6 mm,
lobed
shallowly
.........................................................................................................................................................18.Cestrum 7b. Fruit a many-seeded capsule; flowers somewhat zygomorphic; plants mostly viscid glandular pubescent;
calyx more than 6 mm, deeply lobed .................................................................................................................19.Nicotiana 6b. Corolla tube much shorter than lobes and limb; seeds mostly compressed, discoid, reniform, or lenticular;
calyx often becoming enlarged.
8a. Corolla yellow; anthers dehiscing longitudinally, with a slender, sterile apex; seeds pilose; flowers
5–9-merous
.......................................................................................................................................................15.Lycopersicon 8b. Corolla usually white, blue, or violet (if yellow then zygomorphic); anthers dehiscing by terminal pores,  lacking a terminal appendage; seeds glabrous; flowers 4- or 5-merous ...........................................................13.Solanum 1b. Flowers 1–3 per axil; peduncle absent or obsolete.
9a. Fruit enclosed in fruiting calyx, sometimes fused with it; herbs.
10a. Fruit a dry dehiscent capsule; flowering calyx more than 1.5 cm, lobed or divided halfway; corolla more
cm.
than
2.5
11a. Stems mostly underground; normal leaves forming a rosette at stem apex, scaly leaves distributed along new stems; flowers mostly included within rosette ...................................................................................  5.Przewalskia 11b. Stems aboveground; normal leaves borne along stems, scaly leaves absent; flowers arising along stem or apically in leaf axils.
12a. Leaves mostly subsessile, petiole if present winged; pedicel less than 5 mm; calyx lobes sharp
pointed, with noticeable marginal veins ...............................................................................................6. Hyoscyamus 12b. Leaves petiolate, petiole wingless; pedicel more than 5 mm; calyx lobes blunt, lacking marginal
veins.
13a. Corolla zygomorphic, funnelform; stamens unequal; calyx lobes alike; fruiting pedicel not
thickened
..............................................................................................................................................4. Atropanthe 13b. Corolla regular, campanulate; stamens subequal; calyx lobes differing in size and/or shape;
fruiting pedicel thickened ......................................................................................................................3. Anisodus 10b. Fruit a juicy or dry indehiscent berry; flowering calyx mostly less than 1.5 cm (if more than 1.5 cm then  corolla more than 2 cm), deeply parted; corolla less than 2 cm.
14a. Corolla blue and white; fruiting calyx lobes free more than halfway down, each with 2 basal auricles;
fruit a dry brown berry .......................................................................................................................................1. Nicandra 14b. Corolla yellow or white; fruiting calyx lobes united to near apex, lacking basal auricles; fruit a juicy,  green, yellow, or orange berry.
15a. Fruiting calyx with thickened angles (ribs), bristly soft emergences that appear deltate on drying, or with both ...............................................................................................................................................
8. Physaliastrum 15b. Fruiting calyx lacking enations on ribs or walls, angles sometimes prominent but not thickened
............................................................................................................................................................................9. Physalis 9b. Fruit fully or mostly exposed, free from calyx; herbs, shrubs, or trees.
16a. Fruit a dry capsule; leaves entire, dentate, or lobed.
17a. Calyx 5-lobed, circumscissile; fruit prickly or papillate, 4-valved or irregularly dehiscent; plants erect, mostly more than 60 cm tall; seeds discoid; corolla lobes pointed ................................................................17.Datura 17b.Calyx 5-parted, persistent; fruit unarmed, lacking papillae, 2-valved, dehiscent; plants sprawling, if erect then less than 50 cm tall; seeds ovoid or oblong; corolla mostly with rounded lobes ...............................20.Petunia 16b. Fruit a berry, often juicy; leaves entire.
18a. Corolla funnelform; stamens mostly exserted; shrubs, often thorny; leaves usually fasciculate on short
shoots
.
.......................................................................................................................................................................2. Lycium 18b. Corolla campanulate, rotate, or stellate; stamens included; unarmed herbs or shrubs; leaves arising along stem or forming a basal rosette.
19a. Calyx with 5 well-developed apical lobes; fruit yellow to orange or black.
20a. Calyx becoming enlarged, wide flaring in fruit; leaves subsessile, usually forming a basal rosette;
anthers dehiscing longitudinally ..................................................................................................16. Mandragora 20b. Calyx not enlarged; leaves petiolate, arising along stem; anthers dehiscing by apical pores
...................................................................................................................................................................13. Solanum    19b.  Calyx subtruncate, sometimes with 10 subapical teeth or umbos arising near base of apical rim;
fruit red, sometimes yellow, purple, or pink in cultivation.
21a. Anthers dehiscing by apical pores; corolla rotate; plants sometimes pubescent with simple or
branched hairs; calyx often with 10 subapical teeth .....................................................................14. Lycianthes 21b. Anthers dehiscing longitudinally; corolla campanulate; plants glabrescent with sparse simple
hairs; calyx 5-toothed or toothless.
22a. Corolla bright yellow; fruit a juicy globose berry; anther yellowish ............................12. Tubocapsicum
22b. Corolla white, rarely blue or violet; fruit a dry variously shaped berry; anthers purplish
...........................................................................................................................................................11.Capsicum
1. NICANDRA Adanson, Fam. Pl. 2: 219. 1763.
假酸浆属jia suan jiang shu
Herbs, with simple and glandular hairs. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade simple. Flowers solitary, axillary or in branch forks, pedicellate, actinomorphic. Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, shallowly lobed; lobes ovate. Stamens included, inserted on corolla tube; filaments slender; anthers elli
ptic, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 3–5-locular; ovules numerous. Style filiform; stigma subcapitate, 3–5-lobed. Fruiting calyx conspicuously enlarged, persistent, enclosing fruit, lobes cordate-sagittate, each with 2 basal auriculate lobes. Berry globose, dry. Seeds reniform-discoid, compressed, pitted; embryo much curved, subperipheral, cotyledons subcylindric.
Monotypic: widely cultivated or naturalized, also in China.
1. Nicandra physalodes (Linnaeus) Gaertner, Fruct. Sem.  Pl. 2: 237. 1791.
假酸浆jia suan jiang
Atropa physalodes Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 181. 1753.
Stems erect, angular, 40–150 cm tall, glabrescent or sparsely pubescent. Petiole 1.5–6 cm; leaf blade ovate or elliptic, 4–20×2–13 cm, papery, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, base cuneate, margin lobed or coarsely sinuate-dentate, apex acute or short acuminate. Pedicel 1.5–4 cm. Calyx 0.8–3 cm, deeply parted; lobes broadly ovate, apex acute, 2.5–4 cm in diam. Corolla pale blue, blue-purple, or bluish with white center, 2.5–4 cm wide. Berry brown or yellow, 1–2 cm in diam. Seeds pale brown, 1–1.2 mm in diam. Fl. summer, fr. autumn.
Near fields, houses, and hills, wastelands; 800–2600 m. Naturalized in Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [widely distributed; native to Peru].
Whole plant used as a sedative and cough remedy.
2. LYCIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 191. 175
3.
枸杞属gou qi shu
Shrubs, often armed with thorns, pubescent with simple hairs. Leaves usually fasciculate on short shoots, petiolate or subsessile; leaf blade small, plane or linear-cylindric, entire. Inflorescences solitary or fasciculate axillary flowers; peduncle absent. Flowers pedicellate. Calyx campanulate, 2- or 5-dentate or -lobed. Corolla funnelform or campanulate; tube short, limb usually (4- or) 5-lobed, enlarged at throat. Stamens inserted high in corolla tube, included or exserted; anthers oblong-elliptic, dehiscing
longitudinally. Ovary 2-locular; ovules 1 to many. Style slender. Berry red, orange, yellow, or black, globose, ovoid, or oblong, fleshy or juicy; fruiting calyx slightly enlarged. Seeds numerous or few, compressed, pitted.
About 80 species: South America, S Africa, a few in temperate Europe and Asia; seven species in China.
Lycium cochinchinense Loureiro (Fl. Cochinch. 1: 134. 1790) is excluded from this treatment. According to Merrill (Trans. Amer. Acad. n.s., 24: 401. 1935), “it is clearly not a Lycium and is not a solanaceous plant.” While this name, with its early publication date, may have priority for some Chinese plant, it is unlikely to affect names in Lycium.
1a. Berry purple-black, globose; thorns occurring singly at nodes; leaves narrowly linear, fleshy; corolla tube
3–4×as long as limb and lobes; filaments pubescent .........................................................................................1. L.ruthenicum  1b. Berry red or orange-yellow, elongated or sometimes globose; thorns usually clustered with leaves and flowers,  rarely lacking; leaves broader, linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, or elliptic, fleshy or not; corolla tube ca. 2 × as long as
limb and lobes or shorter; filaments glabrous or pubescent.
2a. Corolla lobed about 1/4 way down; filaments sparsely pubescent near base.
3a. Branches slender, flexible; leaves narrow, widest near middle; calyx truncate at apex or unequally divided,  lobes not ciliate; apex of young fruit mucronate from a persistent style ....................................................2. L.truncatum 3b. Branches stout, stiff; leaves usually oblanceolate, sometimes broadly so; calyx lobed halfway down, lobes  usually ciliate; apex of young fruit rounded .................................................................................................3. L.dasystemum 2b. Corolla lobed 1/3 way down or more; filaments and corolla with a villous ring just above point of insertion.
4a. Corolla less than 7 mm; stamens manifestly exceeding corolla; seeds ca. l mm; berry globose, ca. 4 mm .............................................................................................................................................................................7. L.yunnanense  4b. Corolla more than 9 mm; stamens shorter than or slightly exceeding corolla; seeds 2–3 mm; berry oblong or ellipsoid, more than 5 mm.
5a. Calyx usually 2-lobed; corolla lobes marginally glabrescent, tube and limb funnelform, obviously longer
than
lobes
...........................................................................................................................................................4. L.barbarum 5b. Calyx usually 3-lobed or 4- or 5-dentate; corolla lobes marginally pubescent, tube cylindric or funnelform, about as long as lobes.
6a. Corolla tube cylindric, longer than lobes; leaves lanceolate .............................................................5. L.cylindricum 6b. Corolla tube funnelform, shorter than or subequaling lobes; leaves mostly broadly or narrowly ovate,
rhomboid,
or
elliptic
........................................................................................................................................6.L.chinense
1. Lycium ruthenicum Murray, Comm. Gött. 2: 9. 1780.
黑果枸杞hei guo gou qi
Shrubs 20–50(–100) cm tall, copiously armed. Stems much branched; branches grayish or whitish, erect, ascending, or prostrate; branchlets apically thorny; thorns 3–15 mm, inserted on nodes. Leaves subsessile, solitary on young branches, in fascicles of 2–6 on short shoots in older growth; leaf blade grayish, succulent, linear or subcylindric, rarely linear-oblanceolate, 0.5–3 cm×2–7 mm. Flowers 1 or 2 on short shoots. Pedicel 5–10 mm. Calyx narrowly campanulate, 4–5 mm, irregularly 2–4-lobed, lobes sparsely ciliate. Corolla pale purple, funnelform,  ca. 1.2 cm; lobes oblong ovate, 1/3–1/2 as long as corolla tube, not ciliate. Stamens slightly exserted; filaments sparsely villous above base. Fruiting calyx slightly inflated. Berry purple-black, globose, sometimes emarginate, 6–9 mm in diam. Seeds brown, ca. 1.5×2 mm. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Aug-Oct.
Saline deserts and sands, roadsides; 400–3000 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, N Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Xizang [Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; SW Asia, Europe].
A fine-leaved, branched, drought-enduring shrub that is used in erosion control.
2. Lycium truncatum Y. C. Wang, Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 2(4): 104. 1934.
截萼枸杞jie e gou qi
Shrubs 1–1.5 m tall, sparingly armed. Branches flexible. Leaves solitary on long shoots, clustered on short shoots; leaf blade linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1.5–2.6 cm×2–6 mm, base cuneate, decurrent, apex acute, mid vein evident. Inflorescences axillary, 1–3-flowered clusters on short shoots. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm.  Calyx  campanulate,  3–4× 3 mm, 2- or  3- lobed or truncate, sometimes circumscissile and only base persistent. Corolla purple or reddish purple, tube ca. 8 mm; lobes ca. 4 mm, not ciliate. Stamens and style slightly exserted; filaments sparsely villous slightly above base. Berry oblong or oblong-ovoid, 5–8 mm, mucronate. Seeds orange, ca. 2 mm. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Aug-Oct.
Slopes, near roads or fields, disturbed places in dry regions; 800–1500 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, N Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Mongolia].
3. Lycium dasystemum Pojarkova, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk SSSR 13: 268. 1950.
新疆枸杞xin jiang gou qi
Lycium dasystemum var. rubricaulium A. M. Lu.
Shrubs ca. 1.5 m tall. Stems much branched; branches grayish white, yellowish, or rarely brown-red, st
out, young branches slender, elongate, older growth with formid-able  thorns  0.6–6  cm  in  leaf  and  flower  fascicles.    Leaf  blade lanceolate,  oblanceolate,  or  broadly  lanceolate,  1.5–6×0.5–1.5 cm, base cuneate or subdecurrent, apex acute
or obtuse. Pedicel 1–1.8 cm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 4 mm, often 2- or 3-divided halfway. Corolla purple, funnelform, 0.9–1.3 cm; tube sparingly villous inside; lobes ovate, half as long as corolla tube, ciliolate. Stamens slightly exserted from spreading corolla lobes; filaments sparsely villous slightly above base. Berry red, ovoid, or oblong 1–1.2 cm ×5–8 mm. Seeds more than 20, 1.5–2 mm. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Aug-Sep.
Slopes, sands, oases; 200–3600 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan].
Separation  of  this  species  from  Lycium  turcomanicum  Boiss. (=L. depressum Stocks)  follows Pojarkova (l.c.), who placed the  two  species  in  different  series.  She  indicated  that in  L. dasystemum  the filament base and adjacent  corolla  tube  are  pubescent and  the  10–22 seeds are 1.5–2 mm in diam., while in L. turcomanicum the filament base and corolla tube are glabrous and the (2–)5–15 seeds are 2–3 mm
in diam. The two taxa occupy a continuous geographic area, and the
differences may be only quantitative in nature. Further work is needed to verify that L. dasystemum is really a distinct species.
Specimens with brown-red branches from Qinghai, which were described as Lycium dasystemum var. rubricaulium, appear to represent a local variant or abnormal suite of specimens rather than a distinct taxon.
4. Lycium barbarum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 192. 1753.
宁夏枸杞ning xia gou qi
Shrubs (small tree in cultivation) 0.8–2 m tall. Stems and branches glabrous, branches thorny. Leaves solitary or fasciculate, lanceolate or long elliptic, 2–3 cm×3–6 mm. Inflorescences solitary or clustered flowers. Pedicel 1–2 cm. Calyx campanulate,  4–5 mm,  usually 2-lobed,  lobes 2- or  3- toothed at apex. Corolla purple, funnelform; tube 8–10 mm, obviously longer than limb and lobes; lobes 5–6 mm, spreading, margin glabrescent. Stamens and style slightly exserted.  Berry  red or  orange-yellow, oblong or ovoid,  0.4–2 cm×5–10 mm. Seeds usually 4–20, brown-yellow, ca. 2 mm.
1a. Leaves broad, membranous or papery; seeds more  than 15; berries red .............................4a.var.barbarum 1b. Leaves narrow, fleshy; seeds 4–8; berries orange
yellow
..........................................4b.var.auranticarpum 4a. Lycium barbarum var. barbarum
宁夏枸杞ning xia gou qi
Lycium halimifolium Miller; L. lanceolatum Veillard; L. turbinatum Veillard; L. vulgare Dunal.
Leaves  broad,  membranous  or  papery.  Berries  red,  6–10  mm  in  diam.  Seeds  more  than  15. Fl.  May-Aug,  fr. Aug-Nov.
Slopes, near fields and houses or by ditches. Gansu, N Hebei, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, N Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang [cultivated and naturalized elsewhere in Asia and in Europe].
Widely cultivated for medicine in N and S China, especially in Ningxia and Tianjin Shi. The fruits are used medicinally as a tonic.
4b. Lycium barbarum var. auranticarpum K. F. Ching, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(1): 158. 1978.
黄果枸杞huang guo gou qi
Leaf  blade  narrow,  fleshy.  Berries  orange-yellow, 4–8 mm in diam. Seeds 4–8.
•Ningxia (Yingchuan Shi).
5. Lycium cylindricum Kuang & A. M. Lu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(1): 158. 1978.
柱筒枸杞zhu tong gou qi
Branches inflexed, with thorns 1–3 cm. Leaves solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3 on short shoots; leaf blade lanceolate, 1.5–3.5 cm × 3–6 mm, base cuneate, apex obtuse. Inflorescences solitary or 2 in a cluster with leaves. Pedicel ca.
1 cm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 3×3 mm, usually  (2- or) 3-divided to halfway, lobes sometimes with irregular teeth. Corolla tube cylindric, obviously longer than lobes, 5–6 mm, ca. 2.5 mm in diam.; lobes broadly ovate, ca. 4 mm, margin pubescent. Filaments with dense, villous, interwoven hairs slightly above base, forming a hairy circle with those on inner wall of corolla tube. Style ca. 8 mm. Berry ovoid, ca. 5 mm. Seeds few.
•Xinjiang.
6. Lycium chinense Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768.
枸杞gou qi
Shrubs erect or sprawling, 0.5–1(–2) m tall. Stems much branched; branches pale gray, slender, curved or pendulous, with thorns 0.5–2 cm. Leaves solitary or in clusters of 2–4; leaf blade ovate, rhombic, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 1.5–5×0.5–2.5 cm (to 10×4 cm in cultivation). Inflorescences solitary or paired flowers on long shoots or fasciculate among leaves on short shoots. Pedicel 1–2 cm. Calyx campanulate, 3–4 mm, 3–5-divided to halfway, lobes densely ciliate. Corolla pale purple, 0.9–l.2 cm; tube funnel-form, shorter than or subequaling lobes, lobes pubescent at margin. Stamens slightly shorter or longer than corolla, with a villous ring slightly above filament base and adjacent corolla tube. Berry red, ovoid or oblong, 0.7–1.5 cm×5–8 mm (ca. 2.2×1  cm  in  cultivation).  Seeds numerous,  yellow,  2.5–3 mm.
1a. Leaf blade ovate, rhombic, elliptic, or lanceolate;
corolla lobes densely ciliate, with distinct basal
auricles; stamens slightly shorter than corolla
.
..................................................................6a.var.chinense 1b. Leaf blade lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; corolla  lobes sparsely ciliate, with indistinct basal auricles;
stamens slightly longer than corolla
..................................................................6b.var.potaninii
6a. Lycium chinense var. chinense
枸杞gou qi
Lycium barbarum var. chinense (Miller) Aiton; L. chinense var. ovatum (Poiret) C. K. Schneider; L. megistocarpum Dunal var. ovatum (Poiret) Dunal; L. ovatum Poiret; L. rhombifolium Dippel; L. sinense Grenier; L. trewianum Roemer & Schultes.
Leaves mostly broad. Corolla lobes densely ciliate, with distinct basal auricles. Stamens slightly shorter than corolla. Fl. May-Sep, fr. Aug-Nov.
Slopes, wastelands, saline places, roadsides, near houses. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning,
Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan; Europe].
Widely cultivated in China as a medicinal plant or vegetable. The fruits are used as a tonic, the root bark is used for relieving cough and reducing fever, the young leaves are eaten as a vegetable, and the seed oil is used as a lubricant and for cooking. The species is also grown for controlling erosion.
6b. Lycium chinense var. potaninii (Pojarkova) A. M. Lu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(1): 16. 1978.
北方枸杞bei fang gou qi
Lycium potaninii Pojarkova, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk SSSR 13: 265. 1950.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. Corolla lobes sparsely ciliate, with indistinct auriculate basal lobes. Stamens slightly longer than corolla. Berry oblong, 2–2.5×1 cm. Fl. May-Sep, fr. Aug-Oct.
Sunny slopes, by ditches, occasionally cultivated. W Gansu, N Hebei, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, N Shaanxi, N Shanxi, E Qinghai, Xinjiang [Japan including Ryukyu Islands, S Mongolia, Thailand; SW Asia].  Lycium flexicaule Pojarkova, described from Kyrgyzstan, was said to differ from var. potaninii in having glabrescent branches, broader calyx lobes, and longer corolla tube. If it is actually different, it may be expected in China.
7. Lycium yunnanense Kuang & A. M. Lu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(1): 158. 1978.
云南枸杞yun nan gou qi
Shrubs cespitose, erect, ca. 50 cm tall. Branchlets yellow-brown, thorny at apex. Leaves solitary on long shoots, sometimes on thorns or fasciculate on tubercular short shoots; petiole short; leaf blade narrowly ovate to lanceolate, 8–15×€2–3 cm, base narrowly cuneate, apex acute. Inflorescences solitary flowers clustered with leaves. Pedicel 4–6 mm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 2 mm, usually 3-lobed or 3- or 4-dentate, tomentose at apex. Corolla pale blue-purple, purple, or occasionally white, funnelform, 5–7 mm; tube 3–4 mm; lobes 2–3 mm, glabrescent. Stamens inserted below middle of corolla tube, distinctly longer than corolla; filaments 5–7 mm, exserted, with villous hairs slightly above base, subglabrous on inner wall of corolla tube; anthers ca. 0.8 mm. Style 7–8 mm, exserted. Berry globose, ca. 4 mm in diam., yellow-red when ripe, with an obvious longitudinal furrow on drying. Seeds ca. 20, pale yellow, orbicular, ca. 1 mm in diam., pitted. Fl. Sep-Nov, fr. Oct-Feb.
•Wet  places  on  sands,  near  rivers,  forests,  thickets; 700–1500 m. Yunnan.
3. ANISODUS Link in Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 1: 699. 1825.
山莨菪属shan lang dang shu
Whitleya Sweet.
Subshrubs or perennial herbs, glabrous or pubescent with simple and dendritic hairs. Roots stout, fleshy. Stems erect, obtusely angular, di- or trichotomously branched. Leaves solitary or paired, petiolate, simple, entire or coarsely dentate. Inflorescences solitary flowers in leaf axils. Flowers mostly nodding, somewhat actinomorphic or calyx 2-lipped. Calyx mostly funnelform, evidently 10-veined, 4- or 5-lobed; lobes unequal, variable in shape and length. Corolla campanulate, lobes quincuncial, included or exserted from calyx. Stamens shorter than corolla, inserted near base of corolla tube; filaments usually glabrous at base; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary conical, 2-locular, with a disclike nectary. Fruiting pedicel thickened or elongated. Fruiting calyx becoming enlarged, turbinate or campanulate, sometimes elongated beyond fruit, with main veins prominent and pleated. Fruit a globose or ovoid capsule, circumscissile above middle or dehiscent at apex. Seeds numerous, compressed.
Four species: China, Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Nepal; all four in China.
1a. Calyx pubescent, with wavy veins; plant pubescent overall, especially on abaxial surface of leaf blade ..............1.A.luridus 1b. Calyx glabrescent, with straight veins; plant usually glabrescent.
2a. Calyx strongly 2-lipped, upper lip with short, truncate teeth, veins obscure; corolla indistinctly lobed  .................................................................................................................................................................................3.A.carniolicoides 2b. Calyx not 2-lipped, with somewhat unequal lobes, veins prominent; corolla distinctly lobed.
3a. Leaves ovate or elliptic, mostly entire; calyx lobes narrowly deltate, 2 or 3 of them much longer; fruiting  calyx less than 4.5 cm; fruit nodding ..............................................................................................................  2.A.acutangulus 3b. Leaves broadly lanceolate, oblong, or narrowly ovate, ragged-dentate; calyx lobes broadly deltate,
1 or
2 of them longer; fruiting calyx more than 5 cm; fruit erect ...................................................................4.A.tanguticus
1. Anisodus luridus Link in Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 1: 699. 1825. 铃铛子ling dang zi
Anisodus fischerianus Pascher; A. luridus var. fischerianus (Pascher) C. Y. Wu & C. Chen; A. mairei (H. Léveillé) C. Y. Wu & C. Chen; A. stramonifolius (Wallich) G. Don; Nicandra anomala Link & Otto; P
hysalis stramonifolia Wallich; Scopolia anomala (Link & Otto) Airy-Shaw; S. lurida (Link) Dunal; S. mairei H. Léveillé; S. stramonifolia (Wallich) Shrestha; Whitleya stramonifolia (Wallich) Sweet. For a discussion of the nomenclature and additional synonymy of this species, see D'Arcy & Zhang, Novon 2: 125. 1992.
Plants 5–l20 cm tall, sometimes yellow-brown tomen-tose. Petiole 2–4 cm; leaf blade ovate or elliptic, 7–15(–22)×€4–8.5(–11) cm, papery, puberulent especially along veins, more so abaxially, base obtuse or slightly decurrent, margin entire or sinuate, apex acute. Flowers nodding. Pedicel 1–5 cm. Calyx campanulate to urceolate, 3–3.5 cm; ribs prominent, wavy, hirsute especially at base, apex sinuate or lobed; lobes short, sometimes unequal. Corolla pale yellow-green, ca. 3.5 cm, slightly exserted from calyx, pubescent adaxially and proximal to middle of tube abaxially, sometimes spotted adaxially; lobes slightly purplish, rounded. Filaments  pubescent;  anthers ca. 5 mm.  Fruiting  pedicel 2–2.5 cm, arching. Fruiting calyx twice as long as and enclosing capsule, ca. 5 cm; lobes indistinct, sometimes glabrescent. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Oct-Nov.
Grassy slopes and by streams in mountains; 3200–4200 m. Sichuan (Muli Xian), SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Nepal].
The roots and seeds are used medicinally for alleviating pain and spasms.
Anisodus fischerianus is placed into synonomy here based on the original description of the species, which does not include diagnostic features. Neither we nor the authors of the FRPS treatment, who recognized it as A. luridus var. fischerianus, have seen type material.
2. Anisodus acutangulus C. Y. Wu & C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 15(2): 62. 1977.
三分子san fen zi

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