考研英语（翻译）-试卷8
(总分60,考试时间90分钟)
idea是什么意思英语翻译2. Reading Comprehension
Section II    Reading Comprehension
Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.
Vinton Cerf, known as the father of the Internet, said on Wednesday that the Web was outgrowing the planet Earth and the time **e to take the information superhighway to outer space. "The Internet is growing quickly, and we still have a lot of work to do to cover the planet." Cerf told the first day of the annual conference of Internet Society in Geneva where more than 1 500 cyberspace fans have gathered to seek answers to questions about the tangled web of the Internet.【F1】Cerf believed that it would soon be possible to send real-time science data on the Internet from a space mission orbiting another planet such as Mar
s."There is now an effort under way to design and build an interplanetary Internet. The space **munity is coming closer and closer and merging. We think that we will see interplanetary Internet networks that look very much like the ones we use today.【F2】We will need interplanetary gateways and there will be protocols to transmit data between these gateways."Cerf said.Francois Fluckiger, a scientist attending the conference from the European Particle Physics Laboratory near Geneva, was not entirely convinced, saying: "We need dreams like this. But I don"t know any Martian whom I"d like to communicate with through the Internet."Cerf has been working with NASA"s Pasadena Jet Propulsion Laboratory—the people behind the recent Mars expedition—to design what he calls an "interplanetary Internet protocol".【F3】He believes that astronauts will want to use the Internet, although special problems remain with interference and delay."This is quite real. The effort is becoming extraordinarily concrete over the next few months because the next Mars mission is in planning stages now," Cerf told the conference, "If we use domain names like Earth or Mars ... jet propulsion laboratory people would be coming together with people from the **munity." He added, "【F4】The i
dea is to take the interplanetary Internet design and make it a part of the infrastructure of the Mars mission."He later told a news conference that designing this system now would prepare mankind for future technological advances. "The whole idea is to create an architecture so the design works anywhere. I don"t know where we"re going to have to put it but my guess is that we"ll be going out there some time," Cerf said, "【F5】If you think 100 years from now, it is entirely possible that what will be purely research 50 years from now will **mercial 100 years from now.The Internet was the same—it started as pure research but now it is commercialized."
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【F1】For more than two decades, U.S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas.The legal rationale is that racial preferences are unconstitutional, even those intended to compensate for racism or intolerance. For many colleges, this means students can be admitted only on merit, not on their race or ethnicity. It has been a divisive issue across the U.S., as educators blame the prolonged reaction to affirmative-action for declines in minority admissions. Meanwhile, activists continue to battle race preferences in courts from Michigan to North Carolina.【F2】Now, chief executives of about two **panies have decided to plunge headfirst into this politically unsettled debate.They, together with 36 universities and 7 nonprofitable organizations, formed a forum that set forth an action plan essentially designed to help colleges circumvent court-imposed restrictions on affirmative action. The CEOs" motive: "Our audience is growing more diverse, so **munities we serve benefit if our employees are racially and ethnically diverse as well", says one CEO of a company that owns nine television stations.Among the steps the forum is pushing: finding creative yet legal ways to boost minority enrollment through new admissions policies; promoting admissions deci
sions that look at more than test scores; and encouraging universities to step up their minority outreach and financial aid.【F3】And to counter accusations by critics to challenge these tactics in court, the group says it will give legal assistance to colleges sued for trying them."Diversity diminished by the court must be made up for in other legitimate, legal ways," says a forum member.One of the more controversial methods advocated is the so-called 10% rule.【F4】The idea is for public universities—which educate three-quarters of all U.S. undergraduates—to admit students who are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class.【F5】Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools, even if they wouldn" t have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use.
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【F1】One meaning of the Greek word "dran" is to accomplish, and in this meaning lies a further key to the structure of drama.A play concerns a human agent attempting to accomplish some purpose. In tragedy his attempt is, in personal terms at least, unsuccessful; in comedy it is successful; in the problem play final accomplishment is often either ambiguous or doubtful.【F2】This action, from the beginning to the end of a movement toward a purposed goal, must also have a middle; it must proceed through a number of steps, the succession of incidents which make up the plot.Because the dramatist is concerned with the meaning and logic of events rather than with their casual relationship in time, he will probably select his material and order it on a basis of the operation, in human affairs, of laws of cause and effect. It is in this causal relationship of incidents that the element of conflict, present in virtually all plays, appears.The central figure of the play—the protagonist—encounters difficulties; his purpose or purposes conflict with events or circumstances, with purposes of other characters in the play, or with cross-purposes which exist within his own thoughts and desires. These difficulties thr
eaten the protagonist"s accomplishment.【F3】In other words, they **plications, and his success or failure in dealing with **plications determines the outcome.【F4】Normally, complications build through the play in order of increasing difficulty: **plication may be added to another, or one may grow out of the solution of a preceding one.At some point in this chain of complication and solution, achieved or attempted, the protagonist performs an act or makes a decision which **mits him to a further course, points toward certain general consequences.【F5】This point is usually called the crisis; **plications and solutions which follow work out the logical steps from crisis to final resolution, or denouement.
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Americans today don"t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars.【F1】Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge.Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren"t difficult to find. "Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual," says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance." Ravitch"s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control.【F2】Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy."Continuing along this path," says writer Earl Shorris, "We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.""Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and profess
or Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.【F3】Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children, "【F4】We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years **e out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing."Mark Twain"s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind.【F5】Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. H
ofstadter says our country" s educational system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise."

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