1、excuse, forgive, pardon
这三个词都表示“原谅,宽恕”。
excuse:“原谅”,指有意放过人们在社会,习俗方面的具体行为。如错误,疏忽或失职,不予以指责和惩罚。常用词组:excuse for原谅;excuse from/to do免除。如:
please excuse me for using your telephone without asking permission. i thought you wouldn't mind.请原谅,我没有得到你的允许就用了你的电话,我想你不会介意吧!
the meeting lasted so long that mr. laurence had to excuse himself to keep an appointment.会开了好久,因此劳伦斯为了赶另一个约会,不得不请求先行离去。
forgive:“饶恕,宽恕,赦免”,感情彩较浓,表示不但放弃一切报复要求,而且打消一切复仇的心理,不再愤恨,强调主观和内心的宽恕。
she was so kind as to forgive her intimate friend who had betrayed her when she was in a great difficulty.她如此善良,竟能原谅在她处境最艰难时背叛她的挚友。
he forgave injuries so readily that he might be said to invite them.他如此爽快地宽恕了那些伤害,简直可以说,他是在招惹伤害。
pardon:“原谅,宽恕”,正式用语,指放弃处罚要求,予以赦免,尤其指由上级按法律正式赦免过失或过错。作原谅讲时,同excuse。
it became necessary to fly our lives, but we couldn't expect to be pardoned.我们有必要逃命,但我们不能指望得到宽恕。
please pardon my asking, but isn't my text book on your desk?对不起,请问,我的课本是在你的桌子上吗?
2、easy, easily
easy作副词用时,不能与easily混淆。easy作副词用时主要用于口语和习语中,常与单音节的简单动词连用。它有“轻易地,安适地,慢慢地,小心地”等含义。如:
we often talk about reducing our costs, but it is easier said than done.我们经常谈论降低成本,但说来容易做来难。
take it easy!别紧张!
easy come, easy go.来得容易去得快。
go easy here!走慢一点!
easily是在表示“容易地,舒适地”等意义的easy的基础上通过加后缀构成的副词。在表示“不费力地,毫无困难地”等意义时,相当于with ease。它还有“舒适地,流畅地,顺利地,很可能”等意义。如:he won the match easily.他轻而易举地赢得了比赛。the machine is running easily.机器运转得很好。he may easily be late today.今天他很可能迟到。 
3、each, every
这两者都表示“每个”,有时可互换,有时却不能。
1). each可作形容词及代词,而every只能作形容词,但它可与-one,-body,-thing等构成合成代词。each 用在代词或复数名词前要用介词of连接,如each of them, each of the boys; 而every则不能直接跟of 连接,如不可说every of them,而要说every one of them或each of them。
2). each通常用指两个人或物,而every则指三个或三个以上的人或物,不能指两者。如each end of the  bridge和each side of the road中的each均不能用every代替。
3). each指一个整体中的每一个,强调个体;而every着重于全体的总和,强调整体。试比较: each has a different book. (强调各有不同。) here every child at the age of six can go to school. (侧重整体,无一例外。)
4).every另可表示“每隔”,后接基数词加复数名词,或接序数词加单数名词,如:every four weeks,  every three months等,此种结构中的every不能用each代替。
4、economic, economical
两个词都可译成“经济的”,但含义不同。economic用以指与贸易、工业或财富等有关的“经济上的”或“有关经济学方面”的意义,一般用作定语。如:
they are faced with many economic problems.他们面临许多经济问题。
the country is in a bad economic state, so we must reduce profits.国家经济状况不佳,所以我们应减少利润。
pushed
economical则指与“节约”同义的“经济”,相当于not wasteful。既可指人也可指物,既可作表语也可作定语。如:
this is an economical stove.这是一种经济煤炉。
she is an economical housekeeper and feeds her family cheaply.她是一个节俭的家庭主妇,她全家的花销不大。
5、each other, one another
这两个代词词组都作“互相”解,较多地在句子中充当宾语。each other一般只用于两个人或事物之间,one another则用于超过两个人或事物的场合。试比较:wagner and strauss often exchanged gifts with each other. (指两者。)the members in our group learned from one another. (指超过两者。)
又如:they sat down opposite to each other.他们相对而坐。they were not suited to each other.他们俩不合适。we have known one another since we were children.我们在小的时候就相互认识了。这两个词组的差别目前已不是很严格,有时可互相替换。
6、effective, efficient
这两个形容词虽然都可译成“有效的”,但含义有所不同。effective指某物有一种显著的,预期的效果或是取得了预期的效果,它还可表示“有战斗力的,得力的”的意思。如:
her efforts to improve the school have been very effective.他为改善学校而做出的努力是卓有成效的。
this machine is an effective remedy for acid indigestion.这是一种胃酸过多的良药。he has become an effective assistant.他已成为一名得力的助手。
efficient主要指某人办事效率高,不浪费时间和精力等,也可指机械设备“有效率的”。如:a good leader should be both competent and efficient.一名好领导应该精明能干,办事效率高。our efficient new machines are much cheaper to run.我们所买的高效机器运转消耗要小得多。
7、elder, older
这两个词皆是形容词的比较形式。
1).elder为“年长的”,只指人,用来比较年龄长幼,尤指兄弟妹的长幼关系。它只能用在名词前作定语,不能用于than引导的比较状语从句。older为“年纪较大的,较老的,较旧的”,可指人也可指物,可作定语也可作表语,能用在than引导的 比较状语从句中。
which is the elder of the two sisters?两妹中,谁是?
the older of the two sisters led me into the sitting-room.两妹中的把我领进了客厅。
2). eldest和oldest的区别也是如此:前者表示年龄的长幼关系,后者表示年龄及时间或年代上的长久。 如: she has three children, and her eldest has just started school. 她有三个孩子,最大的刚开始读书。 it is the oldest building in our college. 这是我们学院最旧的楼。 
8、exhausted, tired, tiresome
这三个词都与“疲劳,疲倦”有关。exhausted:“筋疲力尽的,疲惫不堪的”,语气最强。形容人因劳累过度而再无剩余精力或耐力继续做某事。在句中可作表语,状语。当它形容物,如资源等时,意为“耗尽的,用光的”。
the athletes were too much exhausted to wake easily when once asleep.运动员们疲惫不堪,一旦入睡便很难醒来。
the enemy troops being exhausted and demoralized, our troops won a series of victories.敌军疲惫不堪,士气低落,我军连战皆捷。
tired:“累的,疲倦的”,普通用词,泛指由于工作紧张或其他原因导致的疲乏,在英语中,也可表示“厌倦,不耐烦。常用于下列短语:be tired of (doing) sth. 厌倦做某事。
i'm sure you must be tired after cycling all that distance.骑了那么远路,我想你肯定累坏了。

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